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365 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Abciximab |
Monoclonal antibody that inhibits the binding of platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa to fibrinogen Used to prevent clotting after coronary angioplasty and in acute coronary syndrome
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Eptifibatide |
GPIIb/IIIa inhibitor |
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Tirofiban |
GP IIb/IIIa inhibitor |
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Acetaminophen |
Antipyretic analgesic Very weak COX inhibitor w/ no inflammatory properties Less GI distress than aspirin but dangerous in overdose - Hepatic necrosis Antidote acetylcysteine |
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Acetazolamide |
Carbonic anhydrase inhibiting diuretic acting in the PCT that produces a NaHCO3 diuresis leading bicarb depletion and metabolic acidosis Self limited diuretic but persistent bicarb depleting action Uses - glaucoma and mountain sickness Toxicity - parastheisas, hepatic encephalopathy |
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Dorzolamide |
Topical analog for glaucoma |
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Brinzolamide |
Topical analog for glaucoma |
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Acetylcholine |
Cholinomimetic prototype NT in CNS, ENS, all ANS ganglia, parasympathetic synapses, sympathetic postganglionic fibers to sweat glands, and skeletal muscle end plate synapses |
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Acyclovir |
DNA synthesis inhibitor in HSV/VZV Requires activation by Thymidine kinase Toxicity - behavioral effects and nephrotoxicity (Crystalluria) but minimal myelosuppression |
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Famciclovir, Penciclovir, valacyclovir |
Similar MOA to Acyclovir with longer half lives |
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Adenosine |
Antiarrhyhtmic (miscellaneous group) Parenteral only Hyperpolarizes AV nodal tissue, blocks conduction for 10-15 seconds Used for nodal reentries Toxicity - hypotension, flushing, chest pain |
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Albuterol |
Prototypic rapid acting B2 agonist for acute asthma Toxicity - tachycardia, arrhythmias, tremor |
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Metaproteronol and Terbutaline |
B2 agonists |
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Formoterol and Salmeterol |
Slow acting B2 agonists used for prophylaxis |
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Alendronate |
Bisphosphonate Chronic treatment with low doses increases bone mineral density and reduces fractures High doses lower serum calcium Uses - Osteoporosis and hypercalcemia in Paget's disease and malignancies Toxicity - esophageal irritation (low doses), Renal dysfunction and osteonecrosis of jaw (high doses) |
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Etidronate, Pamidronate, Risedronate |
Bisphosphate w/ similar action to Alendronate |
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Allopurinol |
Irreversible inhibitor of xanthine oxidase reducing production of uric acid Uses - gout and adjunct cancer chemotherapy Inhibits metabolism of purine analogs (mercaptopurine and azathioprine) |
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Febuxostat |
Irreversible inhibitor of xanthine oxidase |
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Alteplase (t-PA) |
Thrombolytic human recombinant tissue plasminogen activator Used to recanalize occluded blood vessels in acute MI, severe PE, stroke Toxicity - bleeding |
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Reteplase and Tenecteplase |
Thrombolytic human recombinant tissue plasminogen activator |
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Streptokinase |
Bacterial protein w/ thrombolytic properties |
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Amiloride |
K sparing diuretic blocking epithelial Na channels in collecting tubules Toxicity - hyperkalemia |
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Amiodarone |
Group 3 (and other groups) antiarrhythmic Broad spectrum - blocks Na, K, and Ca channels and B receptors High efficacy and very long half life (weeks to months) Toxicity - deposits in tissues, skin coloration, hypo/hyperthryoidism, PULMONARY FIBROSIS, and optic neuritis |
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Amphetamine |
Indirect-acting sympathomimetic displaces stored catecholamines in nerve endings Marked CNS stimulant actions w/ high abuse liability Uses - ADHD, short term weight loss, narcolepsy Toxicity - psychosis, HTN, MI, seizures |
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Ephedrine pseudoephedrine, methylphenidate, tyramine |
Indirect acting sympathomimetics that displace catecholamines |
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Amphotericin B |
Antifungal Polyene that binds to ergosterol to disrupt fungal cell membrane permeability Uses - systemic mycoses Toxicity - chills and fever, hypotension, nephrotoxicity (dose limiting and less with liposomal forms) |
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Ampicillin |
Penicillin w/ wider spectrum than Penicillin G susceptible to penicillinases unless used w/ sulbactam Activity similar to Penicillin G plus E coli, H influenzae, P mirabilis, Shigella Synergy w/ aminoglycosides versus Enterococcus and Listeria Toxicity - penicillin allergy, GI effects, maculopapular skin rash |
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Amoxicillin |
Greater oral bioavailability than Ampicillin and less GI effects Used with Clavulanate, a penicllinase inhibitor |
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Anastrozole |
Aromatase inhibitor - prototype inhibitor of the enzyme that converts testosterone to estradiol Used in estrogen-dependent breast cancer |
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Letrozole |
Aromatase inhibitor |
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Exemestane |
Irreversible aromatase inhibitor |
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Aspirin |
NSAID prototype - inhibits COX1/2 irreversibly Antiplatelet agent, antipyretic, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory Toxicity - GI ulcers, nephrotoxicity, rash, hypersensitivity leading to bronchoconstriction, saicyclism. |
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NSAIDS |
ibuprofen, indomethacin, ketorolac, and naproxen |
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Atenolol |
B1 selective blocker with low lipid solubility (less CNS effect) Uses - HTN, angina B1 selective blockers start with A-M except for Carteolol, caredilol, and labetalol Toxicity - asthma, bradycardia, AV block, heart failure |
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Atropine |
Muscarinic cholinoreceptor blocker prototype - Lipid soluble - CNS effects Antidote for cholinesterase poisoning Toxicity - "Red as a beet, dry as a bone, blind as a bat, and mad as a hatter", urinary retention, mydriasis |
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Cyclopentolate and tropicamide |
Antimuscarinics for opthamology Toxicity - cycloplegia and mydriasis |
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Gylcopyrrolate |
antimuscarinic w/ decreased CNS effects |
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Baclofen |
GABA analog, spasmolytic orally active activates GABA-A receptors in spinal cord |
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Azithromycin |
Macrolide antibiotic similar to erythromycin Greater activity against H influenzae, chlamydiae, and strep Long half life w/ renal elimination Toxicity - GI distress but no inhibition of drug metabolism |
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Clarithromycin |
Similar to Azithromycin except shorter half life Inhibits drug metabolism |
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Benzotropine |
Muscarinic cholinoreceptor blocker Centrally acting anti-muscarinic prototype for Parkinsonism Toxicity - excessive antimuscarinic effecs |
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Botlinum |
Toxins produced by Clostridium botulinum - enzymes that cleave synaptobrevin and block transmitter release from ACh vesicles Injected to treat muscle spasm, wrinkles, and reduce excessive sweating Toxicity - Paralysis |
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Bromocriptine |
Ergot derivative prototype dopamine agonist that inhibits prolactin release
Uses - hyperprolactinemia and rarely used for Parkinsonism Toxicity - CNS , dyskinesias, hypotension |
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Bupivacaine |
Long acting amide local anesthetic prototype Toxicity - greater cardiovascular toxicity than most local anesthetics |
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Buprenorphine |
Long acting partial agonist of Mu receptors
Analgesic (not equivalent to Morphine) Effective for detox and maintenance in opiod dependence |
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Nalbuphine |
Mixed agonist/antagonist activates kappa weakly blocks Mu |
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Pentazocine |
Mixe agonist/antagonist Activates kappa weak Mu antagonist or partial agonist |
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Bupropion |
Antidepressant and used in smoking cessation MOA uncertain but no direct actions on CNS amines Toxicity - agitation, anxiety, aggravation of psychosis, and seizures (high doses) |
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Captopril |
ACE inhbitor prototype Uses - HTN, diabetic nephropathy and heart failure Toxicity - hyperkalemia, retal renal damage, cough (sore throat) Other prils - benazepril, enalapril, lisinopril, quinapril |
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Carbamazepine |
Antiseizure drug for tonic-clonic and partial seizures Blocks Na channels in neuronal membrane Drug of choice for trigeminal neuralgia Back up drug in bipolar disorder Toxicity - CNS depression, myelotoxic, induces liver drug metabolism enzymes, teratogenic |
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Carvedilol |
Adrenoreceptor blocker Racemic mixture - 1 isomer is a non-selective B blocker - other an alpha blocker Uses - HTN, prolongs survival in HF Toxicity - cardiovascular depression, asthma Labetalol has similar MOA |
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Capsofungin |
Antifungal echinocandin prototype Inhibitor of B1-3 glucan synthesis (cell wall) Used IV for disseminated Candida and Aspergillus infections Toxicity - GI effects, flushing, and increases Cyclosporine levels |
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Cefazolin |
First generation Cephalosporin prototype Bactericidal Beta-Lactam inhibitor of cell wall synthesis Activity against gram positive cocci, E coli, K pneumoniae DOES NOT enter CNS Toxicity - potential allergy, partial cross reactivity w/ penicillins |
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Ceftriaxone |
Third gen cephalosporin Active against many bacteria including pneumococci, gonococci (drug of choice), and gram negative rods Enters CNS and is used in bacterial meningitis |
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Cefotaxime and Ceftazidime |
Third gen cephalosporins |
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Celecoxib |
Selective COX-2 inhibitors Less GI toxicity than non-selective NSAIDs Toxicity - nephrotoxic and increased risk of Myocardial thrombosis and stroke |
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Chloramphenicol |
Broad spectrum antibiotic that inhibits protein synthesis (50S) Uses - back up meningitis, anaerobic infections, Salmonella Toxicity - reversible myelosuppression, aplastic anemia, GRAY BABY SYNDROME |
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Chloroquine |
Antimalarial blood schizonticide used for treatment and prophylaxis in areas in which P falciparum is susceptible Binds to HEMIN causing dysfunctional cell membranes Resistance - Efflux via P-glycoprotein Toxicity - GI distress and skin rash at low doses, peripheral neuropathy, skin lesions, auditory and visual impairment - quinidine like toxicity at high doses |
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Chlropheniramine |
Antihistamine first generation H1 blocker prototype Toxicity - less sedation and ANS blocking action than diphenhydramine |
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Chlorpromazine |
Phenothiazine antipsychotic drug prototype - blocks Dopamine receptors in CNS Toxicity - Atropine-like effects, EPS dysfunction, hyperprolactinemia, postural hypotension, sedation, seizures (overdose) |
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Fluphenazine and Trifluoperazine |
Phenothiazine antipsychotics |
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Procholorperazine |
Phenothiazine anti-emetic |
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Promethazine |
Phenothiazine pre-operative sedation |
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Cholestyramine |
Antihyperlipidemic Bile acid binding resin prototype that sequesters bile acids in gut and diverts more cholesterol from the liver to bile acids instead of circulating lipoproteins Uses - hypercholesterolemia Toxicity - constipation, bloating, interferes w/ absorption of some drugs |
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Colestipol and Colesevelam |
Similar to Cholestyramine Bile acid binding resin prototype that sequesters bile acids in gut and diverts more cholesterol from the liver to bile acids instead of circulating lipoproteins |
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Cimetidine |
H2 blocker prototype used in peptic disease Toxicity - inhibits drug metabolism and anti-androgen effects (gynecomastia) |
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Ranitidine, Famotidine, Nizatidine |
Less toxic H2 blockers |
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Ciprofloxacin |
Second generation fluoroquinolone antibiotc - Bactericidal inhibitor of topoisomerases Active against E coli, H influenzae, Campylobacter, Enterobacter, Pseudomonas, Shigella Toxicity - CNS dysfunction, GI distress, superinfection, collagen dysfunction (caution in children and pregnant women) Inhibits metabolism of caffeine, theophylline, warfarin |
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Cisplatin |
Anti-neoplastic Platinum containing alkylating agent Uses - solid tumors (testes, lung) Toxicity - Neurotoxic and nephrotoxic |
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Carboplatin and oxaliplatin |
Platinum containing alkylating agent |
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Clindamycin |
Lincosamide antibiotic BacterioSTATIC inhibitor of protein synthesis (50S) Active against gram positive cocci, B fragilis Toxicity - GI distress, pseudomembranous colitis |
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Clomiphene |
Synthetic selective estrogen receptor modulator Used in infertility to induce ovulation by blocking pituitary estrogen receptors May result in multiple births |
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Clonidine |
Alpha-2 agonist acts centrally to reduce SANS outflow that lowers BP Uses - HTN and in drug dependency states Toxicity - mild sedation in normal doses, rebound HTN if stopped suddenly |
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Clopidogrel |
Antiplatelet agent Irreversibly inhibits platelet ADP receptors and platelet aggregation Uses - TIA and to prevent strokes and restenosis after placement of coronary stents Toxicity - bleeding, neutropenia |
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Ticlopidine |
Antiplatelet agent Irreversibly inhibits platelet ADP receptors and platelet aggregation Higher risk of neutropenia and thrombotic thrombocytopenia purpura |
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Cocaine |
Indirect acting sympathomimetic that blocks amine reuptake into nerve endings Local anesthetic ester type Marked CNS stimulation, euphoria, high abuse and dependence liability Toxicity - psychosis, HTN, cardiac arrhythmias, seizures |
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Colchicine |
Microtubule assembly inhibitor that reduces macrophage mobility and phagocytosis Uses - Chronic gout Toxicity - GI, hepatic, renal damage |
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Cyclophosphamide |
Antineoplastic, immunosuppressive Cell cycle non-specific alkylating agent Toxicity - alopecia, GI distress, hemorrhagic cystitis (mesna), and myelosuppression |
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Cyclosporine |
Immunosuppressant Immunophilin ligand inhibits T cell synthesis of cytokines Toxicity - nephrotoxicity, HTN, peripheral neuropathy |
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Tacrolimus |
Immunosuppressant Immunophilin ligand inhibits T cell synthesis of cytokines Toxicity - nephrotoxic, HTN, peripheral neuropathy |
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Sirolimus |
Binds to same immunophilin as tacrolimus (FKBP12) However, this complex inhibits mammalian target of Rapamycin (mTOR) kinase and T cell response to IL-2 |
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Aldesleukin |
IL-2 used in renal cancer |
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EPO |
EPO-alpha used in anemias |
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Filgrastim |
G-CSF used in neutropenia |
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Interferon-alpha |
hepatitis B/C and cancer |
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Interferon-B |
Multiple sclerosis |
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Interferon-gamma |
Chronic granulomatous disease |
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Oprelvekin |
IL-1 used in thrombocytopenia |
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Sargramostim |
GM-CSF used in neutropenia |
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Dantrolene |
Muscle relaxant Blocks Calcium channel release from SR of skeletal muscle Used in muscle spasm (cerebral palsy, MS, cord injury) Emergency treatment of malignant hyperthermia |
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Desmopressin |
ADH/Vasopressin analog more selective for V2 receptors Uses - pituitary diabetes insipidus and mild hemophilia A or Von Willebrand disease |
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Vasopressin
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Agonist at V1 and V2 receptors Pituitary diabetes insipidus and bleeding esophageal varices |
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Conivaptan |
Antagonist at V1a and V2 receptors Uses - hyponatremia |
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Tolvaptan |
Antagonist at V2 receptors
Uses - hyponatremia |
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Diazepam |
Benzodiazepine prototype Binds to BZ receptor on GABA-A receptor chloride ion channel complex Facilitates the inhibitory actions of GABA by increasing the FREQUENCY of channel opening Uses - anxiety, ethanol detox, muscle spasticity, status epilepticus Toxicity - dependence, additive effects w/ other CNS depressants |
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Alprazolam, Lorazepam, Midazolam Triazolam |
Benzodiazepines Facilitate the inhibitory actions of GABA by increasing the frequency of chloride channel opening |
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Digoxin |
Cardiac glycoside prototype Positive inotropic drug for HF Half life - 40 hours Inhibits Na/K ATPase Toxicity - calcium overload arrhythmias, GI upset |
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Diphenhydramine |
Antihistamine (1st gen) H1 blocker Uses - Hay fever, motion sickness, dystonias Toxicities - antimuscarinic, alpha blockade, strong sedative |
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Doxylamine |
Antihistamine H1 blocker similar to Diphenhydramine |
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Dopamine |
NT and agonist drug and dopamine receptors Used in shock to increase renal blood flow (low dose) and cardiac output (moderate dose) |
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Doxorubicin |
Antineoplastic Anthracycline drug - cell cycle non-specific - Intercalates between base pairs to disrupt DNA functions, inhibits topoisomerases, and forms cytotoxic free radicals Toxicity - CARDIOMYOPATHY and myelosuppression Danorubicin is similar |
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Dexrazoxane |
Antidote for Doxorubicin cardiomyopathy
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Doxycycline |
Tetracycline antibiotic Protein synthesis inhibitor (30S) More effective than other tetracyclines against Chlamydia and in Lyme disease, and malaria prophylaxis Unlike other tetracyclines, it is eliminated in the feces and has longer half life Toxicity - GI upset and super infections, Fanconis syndrome, photosensitivity, and dental enamel dysplasia |
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Edrophonium |
Cholinesterase inhibitor w/ short duration of action (15 minutes) Used in diagnosis of Myasthenia gravis and to distinguish myasthenic from cholinergic crisis |
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Efavirenz |
Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) Used in combo for HIV Toxicity - skin rash, CNS effects, avoid in pregnancy |
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Delaviridine and Nevirapine |
Non-nucleoside RTI's |
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Enfuviritide |
Antiviral HIV fusion inhibitor used in combo regimens Toxicity - Injection site reactions and rare hypersensitivity |
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Enoxaparin |
Low molecular weight Heparin Used parenterally for anticoagulation Primary effect is on factor Xa, less on thrombin aPTT test is unreliable Toxicity - bleeding |
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Dalteparin and Tinzaparin |
LMW heparins |
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Entacapone |
COMT inhibitor Enhances levodopa access to CNS neurons, adjunctive in Parkinson's Toxicity - exacerbates levodopa effects |
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Tolcapone |
COMT inhibitor Enhances levodopa access to CNS neurons, adjunctive in Parkinson's Toxicity - Hepatotoxic |
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Ephedrine |
Indirectly acting sympathomimetic Like amphetamine but less CNS stimulation, more smooth muscle effects In botanicals (Ma huang) and products for weight loss that are banned in the US Toxicity - HTN, stroke |
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Epinephrine |
Adrenoreceptor agonist prototype Product of adrenal medulla and some CNS neurons Affinity for all A/B receptors Drug of choice in anaphylaxis, used as hemostatic and as adjunct to local anesthetics; cardiac stimulant, asthma Toxicity - tachycardia, HTN, MI, PE, hemorrhage |
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Ergot Alkaloids |
Ergonovine and Ergotamine Prolonged vasoconstriction and uterine contraction Used in migraine and obstetrics Toxicity - vasospasm (including coronaries) |
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Erythromycin |
Macrolide antibiotic - BacterioSTATIC inhibitor of protein synthesis (50S) Activity includes gram-positive cocci and bacilli, M pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila, C trachomatis Toxicity - cholestatic jaundice (avoid estolate in pregnancy), inhibits liver drug metabolizing enzymes Interactions with cisaparide, theophylline, and warfarin |
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Azithromycin and Clarithromycin |
Macrolide antibiotics (50S) protein synthesis inhibitors |
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EPO |
Hematopoietic growth factor stimulates RBC production and releases from bone marrow Used in anemia associated w/ renal failure and anemias secondary to cancer chemotherapy |
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Darbepoetin alfa |
Longer half life version of EPO |
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Entanercept |
DMARD - recombinant protein that binds TNF-alpha Effective in RA and other chronic inflammatory diseases Toxicity - Injection site reactions including erythema, itching, and swelling; possible increased rates of infection and malignancy |
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Infliximab and Adalimumab |
recombinant protein that binds to TNF-a Similar to Entanercept |
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Ethambutol |
Antimycobacterial Inhibitor of arabinogalactan synthesis, a cell wall component Commonly used in standard anti-tubercular regimens Toxicity - dose dependent ocular dysfunction, dizziness, headache, hyperuricemia |
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Ethanol |
Sedative hypnotic Acute actions include impaired judgement, ataxia, loss of consciousness, and cardiovascular/respiratory depression Chronic use leads to dependence and dysfunction of multiple organ systems, fetal alcohol syndrome Note - zero order elimination kinetics |
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Ethinyl estradiol |
Synthetic estrogen - used in hormonal contraceptives Mestranol has similar MOA |
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Ethosuximide |
Anticonvulsant used in absence seizures May block T type Ca channels in thalamic neurons Toxicity - GI distress, SAFE in pregnancy |
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Ezetimibe |
Antihyperlipidemic Cholesterol lowering drug that inhibits GI transporter of dietary cholesterol and cholesterol secreted in bile Uses - hypercholesterolemia, usually in combo with a statin Toxicity - possible increased risk of hepatic damage when combined with statin |
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Fentanyl |
Short acting potent opiod agonist used commonly in anesthesia and chronic pain management (transdermal) |
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Remifentanil and Sufentanil |
Short acting potent opiod agonists used in anesthesia and chronic pain management |
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Finasteride |
Anti-adrogen
steroid inhbitor of 5a-reductase activity that inhibits synthesis of DHT Used in BPH and male pattern baldness Dutasteride is similar |
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Flecainide |
Group 1C antiarrhythmic prototype Used in VENTICULAR tach and rapid atrial arrhythmias w/ Wolff Parkinson White syndrome Toxicity - arrhythmogenic, CNS excitation |
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Fluconazole |
Imidazole antifungal - inhibits ergosterol synthesis CNS entry and renal elimination Used in esophageal and vaginal candidiasis, coccidiomycosis, and in the prophylaxis and treatment of fungal meningitis Toxicity - hepatic dysfunction, inhibits steroid synthesis and CYP450 dependent drug metabolism (less toxic of azoles) |
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Fludrocortisone |
Synthetic corticosteroid High mineralocorticoid and moderate glucocorticoid activity Long duration of action Used in Addison's disease |
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Flumazenil |
Benzodiazepine receptor antagonist Used to reverse CNS depressant effects of Benzos, zolpidem, eszopiclone, and zaleplon |
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Fluorouracil |
Anti-neoplastic Pyrimidine antimetabolite (cell cycle specific) that irreversibly inhibits thymidylate synthase resulting in dTMP deficiency and "thymine less" cell death Used mainly for solid tumors Toxicity - GI distress, myelosuppression, neurotoxicity |
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Fluoxetine |
Antidepressant - SSRI prototype Less ANS adverse effects and cardiotoxic potential than tricyclics Toxicity - CNS stimulation, sexual dysfunction, seizures in overdose, serotonin syndrome |
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Citalopram |
SSRI |
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Escitalopram |
SSRI |
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Fluvoxamine |
SSRI |
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Paroxetine |
SSRI |
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Sertraline |
SSRI Zoloft |
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Flutamide |
Anti-androgen prototype androgen receptor anatagonist used in prostatic carcinoma |
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Bicalutamide and Nilutamide
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androgen receptor antagonist |
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Furosemide |
Loop diuretic prototype Blocks Na/K/2Cl transporter in TAL High efficacy, used in acute PE, refractory edematous states, hypercalcemia, and HTN Toxicity - OTOTOXIC, K wasting, hypovolemia, increased serum uric acid |
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Bumetanide and Torsemide |
Blocks Na/K/2Cl transporter in TAL High efficacy, used in acute PE, refractory edematous states, hypercalcemia, and HTN Toxicity - OTOTOXIC, K wasting, hypovolemia, increased serum uric acid Differ from Furosemide via half lives |
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Ethacrynic acid |
Blocks Na/K/2Cl transporter in TAL Similar to Furosemide but causes less hyperuricemia and may even reduce uric acid levels |
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Gabapentin |
Anticonvulsant structural analog of GABA that facilitates its inhibitory actions in the CNS Used for Partial seizures, for neuropathic pain, and in bipolar disorders Toxicity - sedation, movement disorders |
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Ganciclovir |
Antiviral Effective against herpesviruses (CMV) and HSV CMV Tx requires bioactivation via viral phosphotransferase Toxicity - myelosuppression, nephrotoxicty, and neurotoxicity |
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Gemfibrozil |
Antihyperlipidemic Fibrate prototype used for hypertriglyceridemia - Lowers serum VLDL and triglycerides and increases HDL by activating peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-alpha nuclear receptors Toxicity - GI distress, cholelithiasis, increased risk of myopathy when combined w/ statins or niacin |
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Gentamicin |
Aminoglycoside prototype Bacterial inhibitor of protein synthesis (30S) Active against many aerobic gram negative bacteria Narrow therapeutic window, dose reduction required in real impairment Toxicity - NEPHROTOXIC, renal dysfunction, ototoxic Once daily dosing is effective (post-antibiotic effect) and less toxic |
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Amikacin and Tobramycin |
Aminoglycoside inhibitor of protein synthesis 30S |
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Glipizide |
Oral Antidiabetic - second generation Potent sulfonylurea secretagogue, Blocks K+ channels in pancreatic B cells causing DEpolarization and release of insulin Toxicity - hypoglycemia, weight gain |
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Glyburide, Chlorpropamide, and Tolbutamide |
Antidiabetic sulfonylurea
Blocks K+ channels in pancreatic B cells causing depolarization and release of insulin |
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Short acting sulfonylurea secretagogue |
Repaglinide and Nateglinide Blocks K+ channels in pancreatic B cells causing depolarization and release of insulin |
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Glucagon |
Hormone from pancreatic A cells Increases blood glucose via increased cAMP Used in severe hypoglycemia Antidote - B blocker overdose |
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Haloperidol |
Antipsychotic Butyrophenone Blocks brain dopamine D2 receptors Toxicity - marked EPS dysfunction, hyperprolactinemia, fewer ANS side effects than phenothiazines |
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Halothane |
General anesthetic prototype - inhaled halogenated hydrocarbon Toxicity - cardiovascular and respiratory depression and relaxation of skeletal and smooth muscle Use is declining because of sensitization of heart to catecholamines and rare occurrence of hepatitis |
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Isoflurane and Sevoflurane |
Inhaled halogenated hydrocarbon |
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Heparin |
Anticoagulant - Large polymeric molecule w/ activity against thrombin and factor X Rapid onset, parenteral admin Toxicity - bleeding |
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Heparin overdose |
Protamine |
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LMW heparins Enoxaparin and Fondaparinux |
more selective for Factor X |
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Hexamethonium |
Prototypic ganglion blocker, no longer used Causes marked blockade of PANS/SANS, hypostension Trimethaphan and Mecamylamine are alternatives but also rarely used |
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Hydralazine |
Antihypertensive - arteriolar vasodilator, orally active Uses - severe HTN and HF Toxicity - tachycardia, salt and water retention, lupus like syndrome |
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Minoxidil |
Arteriolar dilator w/ more powerful anti-hypertensive properties Also used in male pattern baldness Uses - severe HTN and HF Toxicity - tachycardia, salt and water retention |
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Hydrochlorothiazide |
Thiazide diuretic prototype
Acts in DCT to block Na/Cl transporter Uses - HTN, HF, nephrolithiasis Toxicity - hypersensitivity reactions, increased serum lipids, uric acid, glucose, K wasting |
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Hydroxychloroquine |
DMARD immunosuppresant used for RA Toxicity - rash, GI distress, ocular toxicity, myopathy, neuropathy |
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Methotrexate |
DMARD |
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Sulfasalazine |
DMARD |
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Gold salts |
DMARD |
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Penicillamine |
DMARD |
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Ibuprofen |
NSAID - non-selective COX inhibitor w/ analgesic, anti-pyretic, and anti-inflammatory actions similar to aspirin No low dose anti-platelet effect |
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Imipenem |
Prototype carbapenem antibiotic Active against many aerobic and anaerobic bacteria including penicilliinase producing organisms (bactericidal inhibitor of cell wall synthesis) Used w/ cilastatin (inhibits metabolism by renal dehydropeptidases Toxicity - allergy (partial cross reactivity w/ penicillins), seizures |
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Meropenem and Ertapenem |
Carbapenem antibiotic, bactericidal inhibitor of cell wall synthesis DO NOT require cilasatin and are less likely to cause seizures |
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Imipramine |
TCA - blocks reuptake of NE and 5-HT Toxicity - atropine like, postural hypotension, sedation, cardiac arrhythmias, in overdose, additive effects w/ other CNS depressants |
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Amitriptyline |
TCA - blocks reuptake of NE and 5-HT |
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|
Clomipramine |
TCA - blocks reuptake of NE and 5-HT |
|
|
Doxepin |
TCA - blocks reuptake of NE and 5-HT |
|
|
Indinavir |
HIV protease inhibitor used as a component of combo regimens in AIDS Toxicity - anemia, nephrolithiasis, metabolic disorders, inhibits P450 drug metabolism |
|
|
Amprenavir |
HIV protease inhibitors - major P450 inhibitor |
|
|
Nelfinavir |
HIV protease inhibitor - major P450 inhibitor |
|
|
Ritonavir |
HIV protease inhibitor - major P450 inhibitor |
|
|
Saquinavir |
HIV protease inhibitor |
|
|
Indomethacin |
NSAID - highly potent Usually reserved for acute inflammation (acute gout), neonatal PDA Toxicity - GI and renal damage |
|
|
Interferon alpha |
Cytokine Treatment for Hep B/C and some malignancies Toxicity - flu like syndrome, myelosuppression, and neurotoxicity |
|
|
Ipratropium |
Antimuscarinic agent aerosol for asthma and COPD, bronchodilator Not as efficacious as B2 agonists but less toxic in COPD Toxicity - dry mouth |
|
|
Tiotropium |
Antimuscarinic agent aerosol for asthma and COPD w/ longer duration of action Not as efficacious as B2 agonists but less toxic in COPD Toxicity - dry mouth |
|
|
Isoniazid |
Antimycobacterial Primary drug in combo regimens for TB, used as sole agent in latent infection Metabolic clearance via N-acetyltransferases Toxicity - hepatotoxicity, peripheral neuropathy (reversed by pyridoxine), hemolysis in G-6PD deficiency |
|
|
Isoproterenol |
Beta1/Beta2 agonist catecholamine prototype Bronchodilator and cardiac stimulant Always causes tachycardia because both direct and reflex actions increase HR Toxicity - arrhythmias, tremor, angina |
|
|
Ivermectin |
Antihelminthic Drug of choice for onchocerciasis and threadworm infections Intensifies GABA mediated neurotransmission in nematodes but no access to CNS in humans Toxicity - onchocerciasis causes headache, fever, hypotension and joint pain |
|
|
Ketoconazole |
Antifungal azole prototype - active systemically Inhibits the synthesis of ergosterol Uses - C ablican, dermatophytosis and non-life threatening systemic mycoses. Sometimes used to suppress adrenocorticoid or gonadal hormone synthesis Toxicity - hepatic dysfunction, inhibits steroid synthesis, and CYP-450 drug dependent metabolism |
|
|
Fluconazole, Itraconazole, Voriconazole |
Inhibit synthesis of ergosterol Wider spectrum and less inhibitory effects on hepatic cytochromes P450 |
|
|
Ketorolac |
NSAID Mainly used as a systemic analgesic Only NSAID available in parenteral form |
|
|
Lamivudine |
Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor also known as 3TC Least toxic NRTI Uses - Chronic Hep B and HIV |
|
|
Lamotrogine |
Anti-epileptic drug for absence and partial seizures
Also used in bipolar disorder Toxicity - rash, possibly life threatening in pediatric patients |
|
|
Latanoprost |
Prostaglandin F2a analog used topically in closed angle glaucoma Bimatoprost and Travoprost |
|
|
Lepirudin |
Anti-thrombotic Recombinant form of a medical leech protein that directly inhibits thrombin Rapid onset, parenteral admin Used in heparin induced Toxicity - bleeding, monitor with aPTT |
|
|
Bivalirudin |
Recombinant form of medical leech protein that directly inhibits thrombin Used for PCI |
|
|
Argatroban |
Small molecule anti-thrombotic used parenterally for PCI |
|
|
Dabigatran |
Oral thrombin inhibitor |
|
|
Leuprolide |
GnRH analog Continuous therapy used to suppress gonadotropin and gonadal hormone synthesis, especially in concert w/ gonadotropins for ovulation induction and in advanced prostate cancer |
|
|
Goserelin and Nafarelin |
GnRH analog
Continuous therapy used to suppress gonadotropin and gonadal hormone synthesis, especially in concert w/ gonadotropins for ovulation induction and in advanced prostate cancer |
|
|
Levodopa |
Dopamine precursor Used in parkinsonism, usually in combination w/ carbidopa (peripheral inhibitor of dopamine metabolism) Toxicity - dyskinesias, hypotension, on-off phenomenon, behavioral changes |
|
|
Levofloxacin |
Fluoroquinolone - Bactericidal inhibitor of topoisomerases Respiratory fluoroquinolones including gemifloxacin and moxifloxacin w/ greater activity than ciproflaxin against pneumococci Toxicity - CNS dysfunction, GI distress, superinfection, collagen dysfunction |
|
|
Levonorgestrel |
Progestin - combined oral contraceptives - progestin only contraceptives - levonorgestrel IUD - subcutaneous implants - Plan B |
|
|
Lidocaine |
Amide local anesthetic, medium duration amide prototype, Parenteral only Highly selective use dependent group 1B anti-arrhyhtmic Used for nerve block and acute post MI ischemic ventricular arrhythmias Toxicity - CNS excitation |
|
|
Mexiletine |
Amide local anesthetic Highly selective use dependent group 1B anti-arrhythmic Used for nerve block and acute post MI ischemic ventricular arrhythmias Toxicity - CNS excitation Longer duration and orally active |
|
|
Lithium |
Antimanic prototype Primary drug in mania and bipolar affective disorders Blocks recycling of phosphatidylinositol second messenger system Toxicty - tremor, diabetes insipidus, goiter, siezures in overdose |
|
|
Loratadine |
Second generation H1 anti-histamine used in hay fever Toxicity - much less sedation than first generation antihistamines, no ANS effects |
|
|
Desloratadine |
Second gen H1 anti-histamine |
|
|
Cetirizine |
Second gen H1 anti-histamine |
|
|
Fexofenadine |
Second gen H1 anti-histamine |
|
|
Losartan |
Angiotensin AT1 receptor blocker Uses - HTN Effects and toxicity similar to ACE inhibitors but less cough |
|
|
Candesartan |
Angiotensin AT1 receptor blocker |
|
|
Eprosartan |
Angiotensin AT1 receptor blocker |
|
|
Irbesartan |
Angiotensin AT1 receptor blocker |
|
|
Olmesartan |
Angiotensin AT1 receptor blocker |
|
|
Telmisartan |
Angiotensin AT1 receptor blocker |
|
|
Valsartan |
Angiotensin AT1 receptor blocker |
|
|
Lovastatin |
Antihyperlipidemic HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor prototype used for hypercholesteremia Acts in liver to reduce synthesis of cholesterol and indirectly increase LDL receptor synthesis Toxicity - hepatotoxicity, muscle damage, teratogen |
|
|
Atorvastatin |
HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor
|
|
|
Fluvastatin |
HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor |
|
|
Pravastatin |
HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor |
|
|
Rosuvastatin |
HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor |
|
|
Simvastatin |
HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor |
|
|
Malathion |
Organophosphate insecticide cholinesterase inhibitor Prodrug converted to malaoxon Less toxic in mammals and birds because metabolized to inactive products |
|
|
Parathion |
Organophosphate insecticide cholinesterase inhibitor Prodrug converted to paraoxon |
|
|
Nerve gases |
Sarin and soman gases Organophosphate insecticide cholinesterase inhibitors |
|
|
Mannitol |
Osmotic diuretic Used short term for reduction of intracranial pressure to promote excretion of renal toxins in hemolysis, rhabdomyolysis Toxicity - Initial expansion of ECF volume w/ resulting hyponatremia, headache, nausea With excessive use, dehydration and hypernatremia |
|
|
Mebendazole |
Anti-helminithic Common nematode infections Inhibits microtubule synthesis and glucose uptake in nematodes Toxicity - GI distress, caution in pregnancy |
|
|
Albendazole |
widely used anti-helminthic for nematode infections |
|
|
Thiabendazole |
More toxic anti-helminthic for nematode infections |
|
|
Medroxyprogesterone |
Progestin Used in combo with an estrogen for treatment of menopausal symptoms and used as a long acting injection (Depo-Provera) for contraception |
|
|
Mefloquine |
Anti-malarial - unkown MOA Used for prophylaxis against and treatment of choloroquine resistant malaria Toxicity - GI distress, dizziness, seizures in ovrdose, arrhythmias |
|
|
Meperidine |
Opiod analgesic - synthetic, orally bioavailable equivalent to morphine Strong agonist at Mu receptors, blocks muscarinic receptors, serotonergic activity Toxicity - normeperidine accumulation may cause seizures, serotonin syndrome w/ SSRIs |
|
|
Metformin |
Oral anti-diabetic - prototype Biguanide Inhibits hepatic and renal gluconeogenesis, minimal hypoglycemia or weight gain Toxicity - GI distress, lactic acidosis possible but rare |
|
|
Methadone |
Opiod analgesic Synthtic mu agonist, equivalent to morphine in efficacy but orally bioavailable w/ a longer half life Used as analgesic, to suppress withdrawl symptoms, and in maintenance programs Toxicity - constipation, emesis, sedation, respiratory depression, miosis, and urinary retention |
|
|
Methotrexate |
Anti-neoplastic, DMARD, immunosuppressant
Cell cycle specific drug that inhibits dihydrofolate reductase Major dose reduction required in renal impairment Toxicity - Gi distress, myelosuppression, and crystalluria Leucovorin rescue used to reduce toxicity |
|
|
Leucovorin |
Rescue used to reduce methotrexate toxicity |
|
|
Methimazole |
Anti-thyroid drug Inhibits tyrosine iodination and coupling reactions, orally active Toxicity - rash, agranulocytosis |
|
|
Propylthiouracil
|
Anti-thyroid drug Inhibits tyrosine iodination and coupling reactions Toxicity - rash and agranulocytosis |
|
|
Methyldopa |
Anti-hypertensive Prodrug of methylnorepinephrine - CNS alpha-2 agonist Reduces SANS outflow from vasomotor center - similar activity to clonidine Toxicity - positive Combs test, sedation, hemolysis |
|
|
Metoclopramide |
Prokinetic agent Dopamine D2 receptor agonist used to stimulate upper GI motility in patients w/ gastroparesis and used as an anti-emetic Toxicity - restlessness, insomnia, agitation, extrapyramidal effects, elevated prolactin |
|
|
Metronidazole/Tinidazole |
Antiprotozoal antibiotic Drug of choice in extraluminal amebiasis and trichomoniasis Effective against bacterial anaerobes (B fragilis) and in antibiotic induced colitis (C diff) Toxicity - peripheral neuropathy, GI distress, ethanol intolerance, mutagenic potential |
|
|
Mifepristone |
Progestin and glucocorticoid receptor antagonist Used in prostagandin analogs for medical abortion in early pregnancy |
|
|
Misoprostol |
Prostaglandin E1 derivative Orally active prostaglandin used to prevent GI ulcers caused by NSAIDs Also used w/ Mifepristone as abortion drug Toxicity - minimal |
|
|
Motelukast |
Leukotriene receptor blocker (LTD4) used for prophylaxis in asthma Orally active, once daily admin |
|
|
Zafirulkast |
Leukotrience receptor blocker (LTD4) used for asthma |
|
|
Morphine |
Opiod analgesic prototype - strong Mu agonist - poor bioavailability Toxicity - constipation, emesis, sedation, respiratory depression, miosis, and urinary retention Tolerance may be marked, high potential for psychological and physiologic dependence Additive effects w/ other CNS depressants |
|
|
Nafcillin |
Penicillinase-resistant penicillin - narrow spectrum used for suspected or known staph infections (not active against MRSA) Toxicity - penicillin allergy |
|
|
Methicillin |
Penicillinase resistant penicillin - resistance in MRSA - prototype |
|
|
Oxacillin |
Penicillinase resistant penicillin for staph infections |
|
|
Claxacillin |
Penicillinase resistant penicillin for staph infections |
|
|
Dicloxacillin |
Penicillinase resistant penicillin for staph infections |
|
|
Naloxone |
Opiod Mu receptor antagonist Used to reverse CNS depressant effects of Opiod analgesics (overdose or when used in anesthesia) |
|
|
Naltrexone |
Orally active, related to Naloxone Used in ethanol dependency states |
|
|
Neostigmine |
Cholinesterase inhibitor - prototype synthetic quarternary nitrogen carbamate w/ little CNS effects Toxicity - excess cholinomimetic effects |
|
|
Pyridostigmine |
Cholinesterase inhibitor - prototype synthetic quarternary nitrogen carbamate w/ little CNS effects
Toxicity - excess cholinomimetic effects Longer duration than Neostigmine |
|
|
Physostigmine |
Lipid soluble plant alkaloid Cholinesterase inhibitor Toxicity - excess cholinomimetic effects |
|
|
Echothiophate |
Rarely used organophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor for topical opthalmic use |
|
|
Niacin |
Anti-hyperlipidemic Inhibits VLDL synthesis and release of fatty acids from adipose tissue Lowers LDL cholesterol and triglycerides and raises HDL cholesterol Toxicity - flushing, pruritus, liver dysfunction, increased risk of myopathy when combined with statins |
|
|
Nifedipine |
Dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker prototype used in angina and HTN Less cardio-depressant than verapamil and diltiazem Toxicity - constipation, headache, tachycardia, arrhythmias |
|
|
Amlodipine, Felodipine, Nicardipine |
Dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker prototype used in angina and HTN
|
|
|
Nitric Oxide |
Endogenous vasodilator released from vascular endothelium, NT Mediates vasodilating effect of ACh, histamine, and hydralazine Active metabolite of nitroprusside and of nitrates used in angina Used as a pulmonary dilator in neonatal hypoxia, pulmonary HTN Toxicity - excessive vasodilation and hypotension |
|
|
Nitrogylcerin |
Antianginal vasodilator prototype Releases NO in veins, less in arteries, and causes smooth muscle relaxation Standard of therapy in angina (atherosclerotic and variant) Toxicity - tachycardia, hypotension, headache |
|
|
Isosorbide dinitrate, isosorbide mononitrate |
Oral nitrates Releases NO in veins, less in arteries, and causes smooth muscle relaxation |
|
|
Norepinephrine |
Adrenoceptor agonist prototype, NT
Acts at all alpha adrenoceptors and B1 adrenoceptors used as a vasoconstrictor Causes reflex bradycardia Toxicity - ischemia, arrhythmias, HTN |
|
|
Olanzapine |
Atypical anti-psychotic High affinity antagonist at 5-HT2a receptors w/ minimal extrapyramidal side effects Improves both positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia |
|
|
Quetiapine |
Atypical anti-psychotic - short half life High affinity antagonist at 5-HT2a receptors w/ minimal extrapyramidal side effects Improves both positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia |
|
|
Risperidone |
Atypical anti-psychotic - less EPS effects High affinity antagonist at 5-HT2a receptors w/ minimal extrapyramidal side effects Improves both positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia |
|
|
Sertindole |
Atypical anti-psychotic - QT prolongation High affinity antagonist at 5-HT2a receptors w/ minimal extrapyramidal side effects Improves both positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia |
|
|
Clozapine |
Atypical anti-psychotic - agranulocytosis High affinity antagonist at 5-HT2a receptors w/ minimal extrapyramidal side effects Improves both positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia |
|
|
Omeprazole |
Proton pump inhibitor prototype - Irreversible blocker of H/K ATPase proton pump in parietal cells of stomach Used in GI ulcers, Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, GERD |
|
|
Esomeprazole
|
Proton pump inhibitor prototype - Irreversible blocker of H/K ATPase proton pump in parietal cells of stomach Used in GI ulcers, Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, GERD |
|
|
Dexlansoprazole |
Proton pump inhibitor prototype - Irreversible blocker of H/K ATPase proton pump in parietal cells of stomach Used in GI ulcers, Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, GERD |
|
|
Lansoprazole |
Proton pump inhibitor prototype - Irreversible blocker of H/K ATPase proton pump in parietal cells of stomach Used in GI ulcers, Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, GERD |
|
|
Pantoprazole |
Proton pump inhibitor prototype
- Irreversible blocker of H/K ATPase proton pump in parietal cells of stomach Used in GI ulcers, Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, GERD |
|
|
Rabeprazole |
Proton pump inhibitor prototype - Irreversible blocker of H/K ATPase proton pump in parietal cells of stomach Used in GI ulcers, Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, GERD |
|
|
Ondanestron |
5-HT3 receptor blocker prototype Important anti-emetic for cancer chemotherapy, used post-operatively to reduce vomiting Toxicity - extrapyramidal effects |
|
|
Dolasetron |
5-HT3 receptor blocker prototype
Important anti-emetic for cancer chemotherapy, used post-operatively to reduce vomiting Toxicity - extrapyramidal effects |
|
|
Granisetron |
5-HT3 receptor blocker prototype Important anti-emetic for cancer chemotherapy, used post-operatively to reduce vomiting Toxicity - extrapyramidal effects |
|
|
Palonosetron |
5-HT3 receptor blocker prototype Important anti-emetic for cancer chemotherapy, used post-operatively to reduce vomiting Toxicity - extrapyramidal effects |
|
|
Oseltamivir |
Antiviral Neuraminidase inhibitor blocking release of mature virions of Flu A and B and decreasing their infectivity Prophylactic and shortens duration of flu symptoms |
|
|
Zanamivir |
Antiviral
Neuraminidase inhibitor blocking release of mature virions of Flu A and B and decreasing their infectivity Prophylactic and shortens duration of flu symptoms |
|
|
Oxybutynin |
Muscarinic cholinoceptor blocker Relieves bladder spasm and incontinence |
|
|
Tolterodine |
Muscarininc cholinoceptor blocker Relieves bladder spasm and incontinence Weak but more selective for M3 receptors |
|
|
Paclitaxel |
Antineoplastic plant alkaloid Cell cycle (M phase) specific agent Inhibits mitotic spindle disassembly Toxicity - hematotoxicity, peripheral neuropathy, hypersensativity reactions |
|
|
Docetaxel |
Antineoplastic plant alkaloid Cellc cycle (M phase specific agent Inhibits mitotic spindle disassembly Toxicity - hematotoxicity, peripheral neuropathy, hypersensativity reactions |
|
|
Penicillinamine |
Chelator, Immunomodulator Treatment of copper poisoning and Wilson's disease Formerly used in RA |
|
|
Penicillin G |
Penicillin prototype - penicillinase suscpeptible Active against strep, gram positive bacilli, gram negative cocci, spirochetes, and enterococci (if used w/ aminoglycoside) Toxicity - penicillin allergy |
|
|
Phenelzine |
Irreversible nonselective MOA inhibitor Backup drug for atypical depression Toxicity - Malignant HTN w/ indirect acting sympathomimetics and tyramine, serotonin syndrome w/ serotonergic drugs |
|
|
Phenobarbital |
Long acting barbiturate used as a sedative and for tonic-clonic seizures Facilitates GABA mediated neuronal inhibition increasing DURATION of chloride channel opening and may block excitatory NT's Partial renal clearance that can be increased by urinary ALKALINIZATION Chronic use leads to induction of liver drug metabolizing enzymes and ALA synthase Toxicity - psychological and physiologic dependence, additive effects w/ other CNS depressants |
|
|
Phenoxybenzamine |
Alpha blocker prototype (non-selective) - irreversible action Used in pheochromocytoma Toxicity - excessive hypotension |
|
|
Phentolamine |
Alpha blocker (non-selective) w/ irreversible competitive action Used in pheochromocytoma Toxicity - excessive hypotension |
|
|
Phenytoin |
Anticonvulsant - Used for tonic-clonic and partial seizures Blocks Na channels in neuronal membranes Serum levels variable because of first pass metabolism and non-linear elimination kinetics Toxicity - sedation, diplopia, gingival hyperplasia, hirsutism, teratogenic potential (fetal hydantoin sydrome) Interactions via effects on plasma protein binding or induction of hepatic metabolism |
|
|
Pilocarpine |
Muscarinic receptor partial agonist prototype - tertiary amine alkaloid May cause paradoxic HTN by activating muscarinic excitatory post-synaptic neurons in post-ganglionic sympathtic neurons Used in Sjorgrens syndrome, xerostomia, glaucoma Toxicity - muscarinic excess |
|
|
Piperacillin |
Extended spectrum penicillin active against selected gram negative bacteria - Pseudomonas aeruginosa (syngeristic w/ aminoglycosides) Susceptible to penicillinases unless used w/ Tazobactam Toxicity - penicllin allergy |
|
|
Pralidoxime |
Acetylcholinesterase regenerator Antidote w/ atropine for organophosphate poisoning Chemical antagonist w/ very high affinity for phosphorus in organophosphates Toxicity - neuromuscular weakness |
|
|
Pramipexole |
Dopamine D3 receptor agonist in CNS - Often a first line drug in Parkinsonism Toxicity - postural hypotension, dyskinesias Less toxicity than ergot bromocriptine |
|
|
Ropinirole |
Dopamine D3 receptor agonist in CNS Toxicity - postural hypotension, dyskinesias Less toxicity than ergot bromocriptine |
|
|
Praziquantel |
Antihelminthic for Trematode (fluke) and cestode (tapeworm) Increases membrane permeability to Ca2+ causing muscle contraction followed by paralysis Toxicity - headache, dizziness, GI distress, fever, potential abortion drug |
|
|
Prazosin |
Alpha-1 selective blocker prototype Used in HTN and BPH Toxicity - first dose orthostatic hypotension but less reflex tachycardia than non-selective alpha blockers |
|
|
Terazosin |
Alpha-1 selective blocker prototype
Used in HTN and BPH Toxicity - first dose orthostatic hypotension but less reflex tachycardia than non-selective alpha blockers |
|
|
Doxazosin |
Alpha-1 selective blocker prototype Used in HTN and BPH Toxicity - first dose orthostatic hypotension but less reflex tachycardia than non-selective alpha blockers |
|
|
Tamulosin |
Alpha 1 selective blocker Used in BPH |
|
|
Prednisone |
Glucocorticoid prototype
- potent, short acting - less mineralocorticoid activity than cortisol but more than dexamethasone, bethamethasone, triamcinolone |
|
|
Probenecid |
Uricosuric - inhibitor of renal weak acid secretion and reabsorption in PCT Prolongs half-life of some antimicrobial drugs, accelerates clearance of uric acid Used in gout |
|
|
Sulfinpyrazole |
Uricosuric - inhibitor of renal weak acid secretion and reabsorption in PCT Prolongs half life of come antimicrobial drugs, accelerates clearance of uric acid Used in gout |
|
|
Procainamide |
Group 1A antiarrhytmic drug prototype Short half life metabolized by N-acetyltransferase Toxicity - may cause a Lupus like syndrome and torsades de pointes arrhythmias, Cardiodepressant |
|
|
Quinidine |
Group 1A antiarrhytmic drug
Short half life metabolized by N-acetyltransferase Toxicity - may cause a Lupus like syndrome and torsades de pointes arrhythmia |
|
|
Propanolol |
Non-selective B blocker prototype Local anesthetic action but no partial agonist effect Used in HTN, angina, arrhythmias (group 2), migraine, hyperthryoidism, and tremor Toxicity - asthma, AV block, HF |
|
|
Prostacyclin |
PGI2 - endogenous prostaglandin vasodilator and inhibitor of platelet aggregation |
|
|
Epoprostenol |
PGI2 analog - used in pulmonary HTN |
|
|
Pyrimethamine |
Antiprotozaol - antifolate that inhibits DHF reductase and synergistic, via sequential blockade, w/ sulfadiazine against T gondii Folinic acid is needed to offset hematologic toxicity |
|
|
Quinine |
Antimalarial - Blood schizonticide w/ no effect on liver stages Interferes with nucleic acid metabolism in plasmodium Toxicity - Cinchonism |
|
|
Ramelteon |
Hypnotic agonist at brain melatonin receptors, not a controlled substance Toxicity - fatigue, increased prolactin, and decreased testosterone |
|
|
Reserpine |
Antihypertensive Selective inhibitor of vesicle catecholamine H antiporter (VMAT) Obsolete use in HTN, causes depletion of catecholamines and 5-HT from their stores Toxicity - severe depression, suicide, ulcers, diarrhea |
|
|
Rifampin |
Antimicrobial inhibitor of DNA dependent RNA polymerase used in TB drug regimens and meningococcal carrier state
Toxicity - hepatic dysfunction, induction of liver drug metabolizing enzymes (drug interactions), flu like syndromes with intermittent dosing |
|
|
Rifabutin |
Antimicrobial inhibitor of DNA dependent RNA polymerase used in TB drug regimens and meningococcal carrier state Less toxicity and drug interactions than Rifampin |
|
|
Ritonavir |
Antiviral HIV protease inhibitor - used at low dose as a component combination regimens in AIDS to inhibit metabolism of other drugs (Indinavir) Toxicity - implicated in many drug interactions when used as a sole protease inhibitor |
|
|
Rosiglitazone |
Oral antidiabetic - thiazolidinedione stimulator of peroxisome proliferator activator receptors (PPAR) and enhances target tissue sensitivity to insulin Less hypoglycemia and weight gain than secretagogues antidiabetics Toxicity - fluid retention, heart failure, fractures in women |
|
|
Pioglitazone |
Oral antidiabetic - thiazolidinedione stimulator of peroxisome proliferator activator receptors (PPAR) and enhances target tissue sensitivity to insulin
Less hypoglycemia and weight gain than secretagogues antidiabetics Toxicity - fluid retention, heart failure, fractures in women |
|
|
Rivaroxaban |
Oral factor X inhibitor
Prevention of DVT, PE, post surgery, and stroke in A fib. Fixed doses, no routine monitoring Side effect - bleeding w/ no specific reversal agent |
|
|
Selegiline |
MAO-B inhibitor - selective inhibitor of enzyme that metabolizes dopamine (no tyramine interactions at normal dosage) Used in Parkinson's Toxicities - GI distress, CNS stimulation, dyskinesias, serotonin syndrome if used w/ SSRIs |
|
|
Rasagiline |
MAO-B inhibitor - selective inhibitor of enzyme that metabolizes dopamine (no tyramine interactions at normal dosage)
Used in Parkinson's (more common than Selegiline) Toxicities - GI distress, CNS stimulation, dyskinesias, serotonin syndrome if used w/ SSRIs |
|
|
Sildenafil |
Inhibits Phosphodiestrase (PDE-5) preventing breakdown of cyclic guanosine monophosphate, which promotes vasodilation and smooth muscle relaxation Used for ED and Pulmonary HTN Toxicity - severe hypotension when combined with nitrates, impaired blue-green vision |
|
|
Tadalfil |
Inhibits Phosphodiestrase (PDE-5) preventing breakdown of cyclic guanosine monophosphate, which promotes vasodilation and smooth muscle relaxation Used for ED and Pulmonary HTN Toxicity - severe hypotension when combined with nitrates, impaired blue-green vision |
|
|
Vardenafil |
Inhibits Phosphodiestrase (PDE-5) preventing breakdown of cyclic guanosine monophosphate, which promotes vasodilation and smooth muscle relaxation Used for ED and Pulmonary HTN Toxicity - severe hypotension when combined with nitrates, impaired blue-green vision |
|
|
Sotalol |
Group 3 antiarrhythmic prototype Blocks I-K channels and B receptors Used for atrial and ventricular arrhythmias Toxicity - Torsades de pointes |
|
|
Ibutilide |
Group 3 antiarrhythmic prototype
Blocks I-K channels and B receptors Used for atrial and ventricular arrhythmias Toxicity - Torsades de pointes |
|
|
Dofetilide |
Group 3 antiarrhythmic prototype Blocks I-K channels and B receptors Used for atrial and ventricular arrhythmias Toxicity - Torsades de pointes |
|
|
Spironolactone |
Aldosterone receptor antagonist K sparing diuretic action in the collecting tubules Used in aldosteronism, HTN, and female hirsutism (androgen receptor blocking action) Toxicity - hyperkalemia, gynecomestia |
|
|
Eplerenone |
More selective aldosterone antagonist Used in HTN and Heart failure |
|
|
Streptogramins |
Antibiotics - Synercid is the combination of quinupristin and dalfopristin Bactericidal inhibitors of protein synthesis IV use for drug resistant gram positive cocci including MRSA, VRE, and pneumococci Toxicity - Infusion related pain, arthralgia, myalgia |
|
|
Linezolid |
Inhibitor of protein synthesis used for drug resistant gram positive cocci, including PRSP strains |
|
|
Succinylcholine |
Depolarizing neuromuscular relaxant prototype Short duration (5 minutes) if patient has normal plasma cholinesterase No antidote Implicated in malignant hyperthermia |
|
|
Sulfasalazine |
5-Aminosalicyclate (5-ASA) anti inflammatory drug Used for IBS and RA Toxicity - rash, GI distrubances, leukopenia |
|
|
Mesalamine |
5-Aminosalicyclate (5-ASA) anti inflammatory drug Used for IBS Toxicity - rash, GI distrubances, leukopenia |
|
|
Balsalazide |
5-Aminosalicyclate (5-ASA) anti inflammatory drug Used for IBS Toxicity - rash, GI distrubances, leukopenia |
|
|
Olsalazine |
5-Aminosalicyclate (5-ASA) anti inflammatory drug Used for IBS Toxicity - rash, GI distrubances, leukopenia |
|
|
Sumatriptan |
5-HT1D receptor agonist used to abort migraine attacks Toxicity - coronary vasospasm, chest pain, or pressure Six other triptans are currently available |
|
|
Tamoxifen |
Selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) - blocks estrogen receptors in breast tissue and activates endometrial receptors Used in estrogen positive receptor positive cancers, possibly prophylaxis in high risk patients |
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Toremifene |
Selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM)
- blocks estrogen receptors in breast tissue and activates endometrial receptors Used in estrogen positive receptor positive cancers, possibly prophylaxis in high risk patients |
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Raloxifene |
Selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM)
- blocks estrogen receptors in breast tissue and activates endometrial receptors Approved for Osteoporosis, activates bone estrogen receptors but is an antagonist of breast and endometrial receptors |
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Terbinafine |
Antifungal Fungicidal inhibitor of squalene epoxidase Most effective agent in onychomycosis with oral and topical forms Toxicity - GI upset, headache, rash |
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Tetracycline |
BacterioSTATIC inhibitor of protein synthesis (30S) Broad spectrum but many resistant organisms - Mycoplasmal, chlamydial, rickettsial infections, chronic bronchitis, acne, cholera, a back up drug for syphilis Toxicity - GI upset and superinfections, Fanconi's syndrome, photosensitivity dental enamel dysplasia Doxycline and Tigecycline (IV) are used for multidrug resistant nosocomial pathogens |
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Theophylline |
Methylxanthine derivative found in tea
Used in asthma Bronchodilator and mild CNS stimulant Caffeine and theobromine are similar |
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Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) |
Antimicrobial drug combination causes synergistic sequential blockade of folic acid synthesis Active against many gram negative bacteria - Aeromonas, Enterobacter, H influenze, K pneumoniae, Moraxella, Salmonella, Serratia, and Shigella Toxicity - mainly due to sulfonamides and includes hypersensitivity, myelotoxity, kernicterus, and drug interactions caused by competition for plasma protein binding |
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Tubocurarine |
Nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent prototype - competitive nicotinic blocker Analogs - Pancuronium, Atracurium, Vecuronium Toxicity - respiratory paralysis Releases histamine and may cause hypotension therefore rarely used |
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Tubocurarine antidote |
Cholinesterase inhibitor - neostigmine |
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Tyramine |
Indirect acting sympathomimetic prototype Releases or displaces NE from stores in nere endings Presence in certain foods may cause potentially lethal HTN responses in patients taking MAO-I's |
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Valproic Acid |
Anticonvulsant used in absence, clonic-tonic, and myoclonic seizure states Also used for bipolar disorder Toxicity - GI distress, hepatic necrosis, teratogenic (spina bifida), inhibits drug metabolism |
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Vancomycin |
Glycopeptide bactericidal antibiotic Inhibits synthesis of cell wall precursor molecules A drug of choice for MRSA and effective in antibiotic induced colitis Dose reduction required in renal impairment or hemodialysis Toxicity - OTOTOXIC, hypersensitivity, renal dysfunction |
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Verapamil |
Calcium channel blocker prototype - Blocks L type channels - Cardiac depressant and vasodilator Uses - HTN, angina, arrhythmias (group 4) Toxicity - AV block, HF, constipation |
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Diltiazem |
Calcium channel blocker prototype
- Blocks L type channels - Cardiac depressant and vasodilator Uses - HTN, angina, arrhythmias (group 4) Toxicity - AV block, HF, constipation, more cardiodepressant than verapamil |
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Vincristine |
Antineoplastic cell cycle (M specific) plant alkaloid Inhibits mitotic spindle formation Toxicity - peripheral neuropathy |
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Vinblastine |
Antineiplastic cell cycle (M specific) plant alkaloid Inhibits mitotic spindle formation Toxicity - myelosuppression |
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Warfarin |
Oral anticoagulant prototype - causes synthesis of non-functional vitamin K dependent clotting factors (II, VII, IX, XI) Toxicity - bleeding, teratogenic |
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Warfarin Antidote |
Vitamin K, fresh plasma |
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Zidovudine |
Antiviral Prototype NRTI used in combinations for HIV infections in prophylaxis for needlesticks and vertical transmission Toxicity - severe myelosuppression |
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Abacavir |
Antiviral
NRTI used in combinations for HIV infections in prophylaxis for needlesticks and vertical transmission Toxicity - severe myelosuppression |
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Didanosine (ddI) |
Antiviral
NRTI used in combinations for HIV infections in prophylaxis for needlesticks and vertical transmission Toxicity - severe myelosuppression |
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Lamivudine (3TC) |
Antiviral
NRTI used in combinations for HIV infections in prophylaxis for needlesticks and vertical transmission Toxicity - severe myelosuppression |
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Stavudine (d4T) |
Antiviral
NRTI used in combinations for HIV infections in prophylaxis for needlesticks and vertical transmission Toxicity - severe myelosuppression |
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Zalcitabine (ddC) |
Antiviral
NRTI used in combinations for HIV infections in prophylaxis for needlesticks and vertical transmission Toxicity - severe myelosuppression |
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Zolpidem |
Non-benzodiazepine hypnotic acts via the BZ1 receptor subtype Reversed by Flumazenil Less amnesia and mucsle relaxation and lower dependence liability that benzodiazepines |
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Zaleplon |
Non-benzodiazepine hypnotic acts via the BZ1 receptor subtype
Reversed by Flumazenil Less amnesia and mucsle relaxation and lower dependence liability that benzodiazepines |
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Eszoplicone |
Non-benzodiazepine hypnotic acts via the BZ1 receptor subtype
Reversed by Flumazenil Less amnesia and mucsle relaxation and lower dependence liability that benzodiazepines |
