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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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"Letters from the Federal Farmer"
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1787-88 two Anti- Federalist pamphlets written anonymously. The main thrust of the pamphlets was that the Constitution would tear down the sovereign states in favor of a consolidated government, and that this end of the federal system would be destructive of American liberties.
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"Republican Motherhood"
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identifies the concept related to women's roles as mothers in the emerging United States before and after the American Revolution (c. 1760 to 1800). It centered around the belief that children should be raised to uphold the ideals of republicanism, making them the perfect citizens of the new nation. Mothers were expected to encourage their sons to pursue liberty and roles in the government, while their daughters would perpetuate the domestic sphere with the next generation.
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Aaron Burr
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involved in the controversial presidential election of 1800. He received the same number of electoral votes as Thomas Jefferson, so the House of Representatives had to choose the president. They chose Jefferson, with Burr as vice president. Burr blamed Alexander Hamilton for this loss as well as a later bid to be governor of New York, which eventually led to the famous duel. Burr was tried for treason in 1807 for his involvement in another incident in the west, but was not found guilty.
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Abigail Adams
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wife and political adviser of John Adams; she famously advocated that women get rights in the new Republic by telling her husband to "remember the ladies"
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Alien and Sedition Acts
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1798- Under the threat of war with France, Congress passed four laws in an effort to strengthen the Federal government. The Alien and Sedition Acts, sponsored by the Federalists, was also intended to surpress any political opposition from the Republicans, led by Thomas Jefferson. The last of the laws, the Sedition Act, declared that any treasonable activity, including the publication of "any false, scandalous and malicious writing," was a high misdemeanor, punishable by fine and imprisonment. Ttwenty-five men, most of them editors of Republican newspapers, were arrested and their newspapers forced to shut down.
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Anti-federalists
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opponents of ratifying the US constitution (1787-1788) because they were opposed to a stronger central government.
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Articles of Confederation
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The first U.S. constitution ratified in 1781 and recognized until 1789. Under the Articles, the national government did not have power to tax or regulate interstate trade, leaving the states with more power than the central government. The U. S. Constitution replaced the Articles in 1789.
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Battle of Fallen Timbers
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The Battle of Fallen Timbers (1794) was the final battle of the Northwest Indian War, a struggle between American Indians and the United States for control of the Northwest Territory. The battle, which was a decisive victory for the United States, opened the region to settlement.
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Cabinet
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The heads of departments of government who advise the president. They are appointed by the president and confirmed by the Senate. The cabinet is not specifically mentioned in the constitution, but the power of the president to appoint advisers is mentioned. The first cabinet included Thomas Jefferson as Secretary of State, and Alexander Hamilton, as secretary of the Treasury. Today there are 15 positions.
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Citizen Genet
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The French ambassador to the United States. Genet attempted to recruit American soldiers to fight for France in their wars in Europe and used American ports to launch French naval attacks against the British. He threatened the neutrality that Washington was trying to maintain, so he was asked to leave the country in 1794. Ironically, he ended up seeking and getting political asylum in the U.S. when the Jacobins took over France the same year.
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Declaration of Independence
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1776 formal declaration of war written by Thomas Jefferson that established the principles of equality and natural rights in American government and justified the American revolution by charging the King of England with tyranny.
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Democratic-Republicans
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party founded by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison in 1792. It was formed in opposition to the policies advocated by Alexander Hamilton and those who advocated for a powerful central government.
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Edmund Randolph
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although he ultimately signed it, this Virginian was one of the most vocal critics of the constitution during the ratification debates, arguing it didn't have enough checks and balances. He was also the first attorney general of the United States
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electoral college
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indirect system used to elect the United States President. Each state is given a certain number of votes for president and may choose for themselves how to cast them. It was put in the Constitution to guard against the possibility that the majority of voters might choose an unqualified or dangerous candidate. Today, all states hold popular elections, but most states award all of their votes to the winner. It is a controversial system because the winner of the popular vote doesn't always win the election.
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Federalist Papers
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1788 Series of New York editorials in favor of ratifying the US Constitution. They were written anonymously, but everyone knew that they were the work of John Jay, Alexander Hamilton and most importantly James Madison. Many of the essays are sophisticated political discussions about benefits and the dangers of republican government.
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Federalist Party
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The party was formed by the Secretary of the Treasury, Alexander Hamilton, who, during George Washington's first term, built a network of supporters to support his fiscal policies. These supporters grew into the Federalist Party, which wanted a fiscally sound and strong nationalistic government and was opposed by the Democratic-Republicans. The Federalists controlled the federal government until 1801.
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George Mason
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wrote the Virginia Declaration of Rights, which detailed specific rights of citizens. He would not sign the Constitution because it didn't have such a statement and later helped to convince the Federalists to add one. The Bill of Rights is based on the Virginia Declaration of Rights.
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Gouverneur Morris
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PA delegate, who, next to James Madison, was the most influential contributor to the Constitution. Among other things he penned the Preamble, "We the people, in order to form a more perfect union…."
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Great Compromise
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You should know this one.
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Hamilton's Financial Plan
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During Washington's first term as president, his Secretary of the Treasury, Alexander Hamilton, introduced a series of bills to create an American financial system. The plan called for --the federal government to assume the Revolutionary War debts of the states. This would tie the states more tightly to the federal government and give creditors (the people who lent money) an incentive to preserve the government. --the establishment of a national bank, which would further strengthen the government and create strong national credit.--tariffs on foreign goods to encourage domestic manufacturing
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Jay's Treaty
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1794 British-American treaty negotiated by John Jay. The treaty was ratified by the Senate but it greatly divided the new political parties. The Democratic-Republicans deeply opposed it. It called for--The withdrawal of British soldiers from posts in the American West --A commission to be established to settle outstanding border issues between the U.S. and Canada --A commission to be established to resolve American losses in British ship seizures and Loyalist losses during the War for Independence. Missing from the treaty was a provision for the British to refrain from the arrest of American ships and impressment of American seamen.
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Judiciary Act 1789
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Legislation that created the first national courts and established the scope of the Supreme Court, which was given appellate jurisdiction over decisions of the federal circuit courts as well as decisions by state courts holding invalid any statute of the United States; or holding valid any state law that was challenged as being inconsistent with the federal constitution. This law was also the subject of the first case of judicial review by the Supreme Court in 1803-see Marbury v Madison.
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New Jersey Plan
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1787 constitutional plan put forth by NJ that argued for equal representation of the states with out regard for population.
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Northwest Ordinance
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1787 law establishing rules of governance of the Northwest territory and the process for becoming a state. The law banned slavery in the territory and required the territory meet a population requirement and ratify a state constitution before being admitted.
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Pinckney's Treaty
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1795 established intentions of friendship between the United States and Spain, defined the boundaries of the United States with the Spanish colonies and guaranteed the United States navigation rights on the Mississippi River.
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Proclamation of Neutrality
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1793 statement by George Washington that the U. S. would be neutral in the war that France was waging with others in Europe.
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Shay's Rebellion
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1786-87 western Massachusetts rebellion led by Daniel Shays' over farm foreclosures and taxes. The event caused many Americans to question whether the Articles of Confederation gave the central government enough power.
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three-fifths Compromise
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You should know this one.
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Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
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Political statements written by Jefferson and Madison and passed by Virginia and Kentucky that nullified or negated the Alien and Sedition Acts. Jefferson and Madison had called for all states to take such measures but only two took action. The resolutions also raised the question of whether or not states could reject federal law.
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Virginia Declaration of Rights
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drafted in 1776 by George Mason, it established natural rights for Virginia and later influenced the US Bill of Rights
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Virginia Plan
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drafted by James Madison, 1787. The Virginia Plan was notable for its role in setting the overall agenda for debate in the constitutional convention and, in particular, for setting forth the idea of population-weighted representation.
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Washington's Farewell Address
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You should know this one.
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Whiskey Rebellion
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1794 Pennsylvania farmers and whiskey distillers rebelled over a new excise tax on whiskey. It was reminiscent of Shays' Rebellion, but this time militias were called in by the new Commander in Chief, George Washington. Democratic-Republicans criticized the use of force saying it was like using a sledgehammer to crush a gnat.
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XYZ Affair
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1798 In response to French attacks of American ships, John Adams sent diplomats to France in order to negotiate a peace treaty. They were met by three agents of the Foreign ministry who demanded a cash bribe in order to set up the meeting. The American diplomats broke off negotiations and went home. Reports of the encounter created strong anti French feelings in the US. Adams is given a lot credit by most contemporary historians for avoiding a war with France in spite of the incident.
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