Key Terms From Chapter 1, 2, 3, 4, And 6

Front 1

Autotrophs

Back 1

Make their own food through photosynthesis(plants)

Front 2

Heterotroph

Back 2

Consumes pre-formed food molecules

Front 3

Three kinds of Heterotrophs

Back 3

Herbivores
Carnivores
Omnivores

Front 4

Two kinds of reproduction:

Back 4

Asexual
Sexual

Front 5

Asexual

Back 5

One parent and offspring is genetically identical to parent

Front 6

Sexual

Back 6

Two parents and offspring is never identical to just one parent

Front 7

Homeostasis

Back 7

Staying the same
Examples: body temperature and blood pressure

Front 8

Growth

Back 8

An increase in the number of cells

Front 9

Development

Back 9

Changes in appearance and abilities during lifetime

Front 10

Behavior

Back 10

response to stimulus

Front 11

Adaptation

Back 11

change over time-- only happens to species

Front 12

Evolution

Back 12

process of when a species changes through time and create more variaton

Front 13

Biology

Back 13

the scientific study of life

Front 14

Biology: the process of science:

Back 14

1. observation- queston
2. develop a hypothesis- reasonable explanation
educated guess
3. experimentation
4. accumulate and analyze the results
5. accept or reject hypothesis

Front 15

Science

Back 15

learning about the natural world

Front 16

Theory

Back 16

hypothesis that has been tested over and over again without a rejection

Front 17

Atom

Back 17

smallest unit of matter

Front 18

Metabolism

Back 18

all chemical reactions occuring within any living system

Front 19

Matter

Back 19

anything that takes up space and has weight

Front 20

Elements

Back 20

the basic building block of matter-- 98% living things are made of CHNOPS

Front 21

Three main parts of an atom:

Back 21

Protons- 1 dalton- positive charge (inner shell)
Neutron- 1 dalton- no charge (inner shell)
Electrons- negligible- negative charge- (outer shell)

Front 22

Atomic mass

Back 22

the number of protons and neutrons

Front 23

Atomic number

Back 23

the number of protons

Front 24

Isotopes

Back 24

atoms that have the same atomic number, but differ in the number of neutrons

Front 25

Radioactive isotopes

Back 25

an unstable isotope
emits radioactive particles from the nucleus

Front 26

Radiation

Back 26

released byb unstable isotopes

Front 27

Three uses of radiation

Back 27

1. cancer therapy- high doses of radiation
2. tracers- low doses of radiation
3. C14- dating (half-life= 5,600 yrs)

Front 28

Half-life

Back 28

number of years it takes for 1/2 any volume of isotopes to become stable and non-radioactive

Front 29

Octet rule

Back 29

atoms will do whatever they have to do to get eight electrons

Front 30

Molecule

Back 30

one type atom that bonds together to form a chemical unit (O2)

Front 31

Compound

Back 31

more than one type of atom that bonds together to form a chemical unit (NaCl)

Front 32

Ion

Back 32

charged atoms have given away or taken in electrons

Front 33

Ionic bonding

Back 33

when negatively and positvely charged ions bond together (chemical bond that forms)

Front 34

Covalent bonds

Back 34

when atoms share electrons instead of losing or gaining them

Front 35

Single bond
Double bond
Triple bond

Back 35

2 electrons
4 electrons
6 electrons

Front 36

Hydrogen bonding

Back 36

when a covalently bonding hydrogen is positive and is attracted to some atom that is negatively charged

Front 37

Water

Back 37

the most important molecule for living organisms
held together by covalent bonds

Front 38

Five characteristics of water

Back 38

1. water is cohesive and adhesive- sticks to itself and other things
2. high boiling point
3. high specific heat
4. excellent solvent because of its polarity
5. ice is less dense than liquid water, so it floats

Front 39

Polarity

Back 39

unequal sharing of electrons

Front 40

Soltuion:

Back 40

solvent- dissolves
solute- is dissolved

Front 41

Hydrophobic

Back 41

does not dissolve in water

Front 42

Acid

Back 42

any substance that, when dissolved in water, increases the number of hydrogen

Front 43

Base

Back 43

any substance that, when dissolved in water, decreases the number of hydrogen

Front 44

PH scale

Back 44

(series of numbers from 0-14) determines the acidity or basicity of a solution
0-6- acids
8-14- bases
7- neutral
bigger number above 7, the higher the concentration
each number represents a 10x difference
(determined by how many hydrogen ions are released)

Front 45

Acid Rain

Back 45

burning of gasoline derived from oil, a fossil fuel, leads to acid deposition, which causes trees to die and monuments to deteriorate (makes soil that plants grow in less and less productive)
rain below a ph of 5 and formed as a result of pollutants

Front 46

Glycogen

Back 46

storgae molecule for animals

Front 47

Starch

Back 47

storage molecule for plants

Front 48

Cellulose

Back 48

(plants) what cells are made of *humans can not digest* not used for energy

Front 49

Proteins

Back 49

polymers of amino accids-which are the building blocks of proteins
only 20 amino acids

Front 50

Three kinds of proteins

Back 50

1. proteins used for structure and strength- ex. collagen- skin and keratin- hair and nails
2. enzymes
3. anitbodies

Front 51

Enzymes

Back 51

catalysts that speed up chemical reactions inside cells

Front 52

Anitbodies

Back 52

proteins that can destroy bacteria in the body (not all white blood cells make antibodies)

Front 53

Most common elements

Back 53

SPONCH- S-sulfur, P-phosphorus, O-oxygen, N-nitrogen, C-carbon, and H-hydrogen
most important are carbon atoms, others are trace amounts

Front 54

Polymers

Back 54

molecules that have many smaller parts
made of monomers- building blocks

Front 55

Four basic groups of polymers

Back 55

1. carbohydrates
2. proteins
3. lipids
4. nucleic acids

Front 56

Carbohydrates

Back 56

used for short-term energy storage
building blocks are simple sugars- ex. glucose

Front 57

Lipids

Back 57

do not dissolve in water (hydrophobic)
two major kinds:
1. fats- animals
2. oils- plants

Front 58

Other kinds of lipids

Back 58

3.steroids- testosterone/estrogen
4. phospholipid- cell membrane
5. cholesterol

Front 59

Nucleic acid

Back 59

building block are nucleotides- DNA and RNA

Front 60

DNA

Back 60

what chromosomes are made up of
double stranded
chromosomes are instructions to make enzymes

Front 61

RNA

Back 61

copies of instructions made by DNA that is sent from the nucleus to the ribosomes to instruct how to make proteins
single stranded

Front 62

ATP

Back 62

only form of energy that cells can use- usable energy
(adenosine triphosphate)
a cell is assured of a supply of ATP because gluclose breakdown during cellular respiration provides energy for the buildup of ATP in mitochondria
generated from ADP (adenosine diphosphate) and a molecule of inorganic phosphate

Front 63

Thermodynamic

Back 63

study of energy conversion

Front 64

Energy

Back 64

the ability to do work-- movement of force against friction
not just isolated to living things

Front 65

1st law of thermodynamics

Back 65

energy can not be created nor can it be destroyed
can be converted from one form to another

Front 66

2nd law of theromdynamics

Back 66

when energy is converted from one form to another, some is converted to an unusable form- usually heat

Front 67

Metabolism

Back 67

sum of all the chemical reactions that occur in the cell

Front 68

Reactants

Back 68

substances that participate in a reaction

Front 69

Two kinds of reactants:

Back 69

1. builfing reactions- require energy (A+B=AB)- starts with a simple reaction and builds a more complex product
2. breakdown reactions- release energy (CD+ C+D)- starts with complex products and breaks down to simple reactants

Front 70

Products

Back 70

substances that result from a reaction

Front 71

Exergonic

Back 71

release energy

Front 72

Endergonic

Back 72

requires energy

Front 73

Active site

Back 73

place on the enzyme where substrate binds and where the reaction occurs

Front 74

Substrate

Back 74

reactant in a reaction controlled by an enzyme

Front 75

Denatured

Back 75

enzymes unfold
ex. body temperature above 100F will cause the enzyme to unfold and cells can be damaged or die

Front 76

What polymer type arem most enzymes

Back 76

polymers of amino acids

Front 77

Three parts of the cell theory:

Back 77

1. all organisms are composed of one or more cells
2. cells are the basic living unit of structure and function in organisms
3. all cells come only from other cells

Front 78

Spontaneous generation

Back 78

cells can automatically generate from non-living matter
Redi disporved or rejected this theory

Front 79

Biogenesis

Back 79

all cells come only from other cells

Front 80

Prokaryotic cell

Back 80

celles that do not contain a nucleus (internal packages

Front 81

Eukaryotic cells

Back 81

cells that contain a nucleus

Front 82

Characteristics of Prokaryotic cells

Back 82

- no organelles
- only cells that carry prokaryotic are bacteria
- smaller
- less complex
-date back 3.5M yrs

Front 83

Characteristics of eukaryotic cells

Back 83

- have organelles
- larger
- more complex
- date back 2.1B yrs

Front 84

Cell membrane

Back 84

(plasma membrane) outer surface of all cells- made up of layers of molecules called phospholipids
separates the living contents of the cell from the non-living surrounding environment

Front 85

Cytoplasm

Back 85

semi-fluid medium inside the cell
composed of mostly water

Front 86

Nucleus

Back 86

contain and protect the cells DNA
46 chromosomes/ 23 sex chromosomes

Front 87

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Back 87

network of tubes/passageways found inside a plasma cell attached to the nucleus

Front 88

Two types of ER

Back 88

1. smooth er- has no ribosomes and does not transport proteins
2. rough er- transports proteins and has ribosomes

Front 89

Smooth ER

Back 89

breaks down carbohydrates (liver)
Makes lipids (testes, ovaries- for hormones)
detoxify certain substances (alcohol, barbituates- liver)

Front 90

Ribosomes

Back 90

makes protein

Front 91

Golgi apparatus

Back 91

cells packaging plant
plant cells make big packages called vacuoles
animal cells make smaller packages called vesicles

Front 92

Mitochondria

Back 92

(aerobic cellular respriation) takes molecule of sugar (C6H12O6) and breaks down to CO2+H2O+36 ATP

Front 93

Chloroplasts

Back 93

(photosyntesis) plant takes sunlight energy plus CO2+H2O to make glucose and release oxygen

Front 94

Cell wall

Back 94

(plants) support and protection

Front 95

Cilia/Flagella

Back 95

movement of cell
cilia- hair like structures that help with movement of cells
flagella- tail like structures that help push cells(sperm cell)

Front 96

Cytoskeleton

Back 96

shape of a cell and movement of its parts
much more important in animal cells than plant cells because animal cells don't have cell walls

Front 97

Lysosome

Back 97

package of digestive enzymes

Front 98

Lysosomes are used for three things

Back 98

1. break down worn-out parts of cells
2. break down engulfed particles
3. programmed cell death

Front 99

Chemical equation

Back 99

represents exactly what happens during a chemical reaction
what the materials are at the beginning of the reaction as opposed to what the materials are at the end

Front 100

Whay are most cells very small

Back 100

the amount of surface area affects the ability to get material into and out of the cell
surface-area-to-volume considerations require that cells stay small
as cells get larger, the proportionate amount of surface area actually decreases
small cells are likely to have an adequate surface area for exchanging nutrients and waste

Front 101

What are two features all (prokaryotic and eukaryotic) cells possess

Back 101

Cell membranes and cytoplasm

Front 102

Differences between plant and animal cells

Back 102

Plant cells- cell walls, chloroplast
Animal cells- cilia/flagella, centrioles, lysoomes

Front 103

Basic structure of a cell membrane

Back 103

phospholipid bilayer has a fluid consistency, comparable to that of light oil

Front 104

Some functions of membrane proteins:

Back 104

Channel proteins- involved in the passage of molecules through the membrane- has a channel that allwos a substance to simply move across the membrane
carrier proteins- also involved in the passage of molecules through the membrane- combine with a substance and help it move across the membrane
cell recognition proteins- help the body recognize when it is being invaded by pathogens so that an immune reaction can occur
enzymatic proteins- carry out metabolic reactions directly

Front 105

Diffusion

Back 105

the movement of molecules from a higher to a lower concentration unitl equilibrium is achieved and they are distributed equally

Front 106

Osmosis

Back 106

the diffusion of water across a differentially permeable membrane due to concentration differences

Front 107

Solvent

Back 107

substance in which another substance is dissolved, forming a solution

Front 108

Solute

Back 108

substance that is dissolved in a solvent, forming a solution

Front 109

Solution

Back 109

a homogenous mixture of two or more substances
- it takes a solvent and a solute to form a solution

Front 110

Hypertonic

Back 110

less than/lower concentration of solute than inside the cell
-animal cells shrink (crenation)
-plant cells (plasmolysis) shrinking of the cytoplasm due to osmosis

Front 111

Hypotonic

Back 111

more than/higher percentage of solute than the cell
-animal cells expand and sometimes burst due to the
buildup of pressure
- (plant cells) cytoplasm expands because the large central vacuole gains water and the plasma membrane pushes against the rigid cell (turgor pressure)

Front 112

Isotonic

Back 112

same as concentration of solute inside the cell
- plant and animals cells remain the same- no effect

Front 113

Phagocytosis

Back 113

occurs when the substance to be transported into the cell is large, digestion occurs when the resulting vacuole fuses with a lysosome
- amoebas ingest by phagocytosis