S2 - Key Terms And Names

Front 1

Induction

Back 1

Bottom up approach.
The inductive approach involves beginning with a set of empirical observations, seeking patterns in those observations, and then theorizing about those patterns.

Front 2

Deduction

Back 2

Top down approach.
The deductive approach involves beginning with a theory, developing hypotheses from that theory, and then collecting and analyzing data to test those hypotheses.

Front 3

Subjectivity

Back 3

Subjectivity refers to how someone's judgement is shaped by personal opinions and feelings instead of outside influences.

Front 4

Objectivity

Back 4

Objectivity refers to the state of being true even outside of a subjects individual bias, interpretations, feelings and imagination.

Front 5

Voluntary Issue

Back 5

Voluntary issue is an issue that is created intentionally.

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Involuntary issue

Back 6

Involuntary issue is an issue that is created or arises unintentionally

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Information

Back 7

Facts provided or learned about something or someone.

Front 8

Knowledge

Back 8

Facts, Information or skills acquired by a person through education or experience.

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Concept

Back 9

An abstract idea or a general notion.

Front 10

Theory

Back 10

A collection of ideas or concepts intended to explain something.

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Perspective

Back 11

A particular attitude towards something.
A point of view.

Front 12

Social Institutions

Back 12

Any institution where we can see a pattern of social interaction between people that follow certain norms and subsystems.

Education, Media, Family, Religion, Government, Workplace.

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Social Structures

Back 13

Any abstract social institution that follow certain norms and shared values.

Such as social class.

Front 14

Culture

Back 14

Culture is a way of life of people that consists of language, norms, values, beliefs etc.

Front 15

Beliefs

Back 15

Trust, faith, or confidence in someone or something.

Front 16

Norms

Back 16

Something that is usual, typical or standard.

Front 17

Values

Back 17

Important or long lasting beliefs.

Front 18

Customs

Back 18

Long established practices considered as unwritten law.

Front 19

Traditions

Back 19

A way of thinking, behaving or doing something that has been used by people in a group or family for a very long time.

Front 20

Language

Back 20

The system of words or signs used by people to convey thoughts or feelings.

Front 21

Literature

Back 21

Written work that is considered to have a long lasting merit.

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Moreys

Back 22

Norms that are morally accepted.

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Karl Popper

Back 23

Hypothetico Deductive method

Front 24

Lindauer

Back 24

Argues that interpretivist research is goal free.

Front 25

Calvert and Calvert

Back 25

Define social policy as the main principles under which the government directs economic resources to meet social needs.

Front 26

Becker

Back 26

Argues that it is impossible to achieve value neutrality

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Tombs and Whyte

Back 27

Argue that rather than conducting research to inform social policy, a sociologist’s role is to empower the powerless by providing information required to challenge the policies that do not benefit them.

Front 28

Mirsa

Back 28

Highlights social policies relating to employment, poverty reduction and childbirth in the USA have been influenced by women’s activism.

Front 29

Durkheim

Back 29

Social solidarity

Collective conscience

Organic Solidarity

Mechanical Solidarity

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Robert Merton

Back 30

Dysfunctional

Latent

Manifest

Front 31

Parsons

Back 31

Value consensus

Four functional prerequisites (GAIL)

Front 32

Marx

Back 32

Order maintained by conflict

Four epochs

Front 33

Antonio Gramsci

Back 33

Cultural hegemony
Coercive control and Consensual control

Counter hegemonic cultures

Front 34

Radical Feminists

Back 34

Supramatists

Separatists

Firestone (Sexual class system)

Millet (Biology, socialisation, religion)

Front 35

Marxist Feminists

Back 35

Capitalist system as main form of oppression

Engels argues that gender inequality has a material base

Coontz and Henderson dominance through patrilocality

Benston reserve army of labour

Front 36

Liberal Feminists

Back 36

Reforms rather than revolution

Walter still much to change

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Black Feminists

Back 37

Racial/ethnic differences neglected

Brewer multiple sources of deprivation

Front 38

Max Weber

Back 38

Social action

Change analysed differently

Different sources of conflict

Front 39

Anthony Giddens

Back 39

Structuration

Human agency and social structures

Agency can change structures

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Symbolic Interactionism

Back 40

Acting towards meanings

Meanings develop through interaction

Front 41

George Herbert Mead

Back 41

Verstehen - taking the role of the other

Front 42

Herbert Blumer

Back 42

Mead's disciple

People interpret meaning of symbols

Meanings are not fixed

Front 43

Edmund Husserl

Back 43

Father of phenomenology

People perceive things themselves

Front 44

Harold Garfinker

Back 44

Phenomenology

People try to make sense of the world

No social reality

Depends on people

Front 45

Francois Lyotard

Back 45

Post modernist

Incredulity towards meta narratives

Identity fluid

Front 46

Zygmunt Bauman

Back 46

Post modernist

Consumption rather than production

Swap identities

Front 47

Jean Baudrillard

Back 47

Hyperreality

Simulacra

Front 48

George Herbert Mead

Back 48

Social self

Social interactions

Me and the I

Front 49

Goffman

Back 49

The perception of self in everyday life

Frontstage and backstage

Sign vehicles (Social setting, manners of interaction, appearance)

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Cooley

Back 50

Looking glass self

Front 51

Sigmund Freud

Back 51

Biology plus societal factors shape us

Id, superego, ego

Front 52

Jean Piaget

Back 52

Four stages of cognitive development

Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

Front 53

Ann Oakley

Back 53

Gender socialisation

Manipulation

Different Activities

Verbal Appellation

Canalisation

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Crook et al

Back 54

Modern culture is differentiated into spheres

Rationalised (Availability of culture)

Commodified (Bought and sold)

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Strinati

Back 55

Some people have less opportunity to buy culture

People stick to their own cultures

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Woodward

Back 56

Talks about formation of identity

Identity formed by both individual agency and structural constraints

Footballer and gender

Mead, Goffman, Freud

Change effects uncertainty of indentities

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Tiger and Fox

Back 57

Men seen as hunters and bread winners.

Women seen as caring and feminine.

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Parsons and Murdock

Back 58

Women seen as expressive and responsible for domestic work.

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Nature (Homosexuality)

Back 59

Dr Grant Steen

Identical, fraternal and adopted brothers

Half of identical twins were gay

22% fraternal

11% adopted

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Nurture (IQ)

Back 60

Dr Rick Heber

40 newborn Milwaukee

Front 61

Nature (Crime)

Back 61

Dr Grant Steen

Adopted children re-enacting criminal behaviour of their parents

Front 62

Nurture (Social skills)

Back 62

Chris Langan

195 IQ

Deprived of social skills (Malcolm Gladwell)

Front 63

Lindauer

Back 63

Interpretivist research is goal free

Front 64

Durkheim

Back 64

Talks about Inductive approach

Bottom up approach

Study of suicide

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Popper

Back 65

Talks about a deductive approach

Talks about falsification

Front 66

Keat and Urry

Back 66

Realists

They argue that science often assumes the existence of unobservable structures.

Front 67

Weber

Back 67

Argues that people study the subjective states of mind of individuals rather than cause and effect relationships.

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Kuhn

Back 68

Talks in his Structure of Scientific revolution about paradigms and how sociologists set out to prove them.

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Kaplan

Back 69

Talks about reconstructed logics and logics in use. Sociologists use logics in use and discard information that does not support the conclusions they would like to find.

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Vankatesh

Back 70

In his study of Gang leader for a day did overt participant observation.

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Eileen Barker

Back 71

The making of a moonie used triangulation that used Overt participant, indepth interviews and questionnaires.

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Laurie Taylor

Back 72

In his study "In the underworld" used snowballing to investigate the life of a criminal, he knew a convicted criminal.