Key Clinical Terms For Digestion

Front 1

Inflammation of the appendix

Back 1

appendicitis

阑尾炎

Front 2

Accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity; a form of edema. May
be caused by heart disease, lymphatic or venous obstruction, cirrhosis,
or changes in plasma composition.

Back 2

ascites

腹水(

Front 3

A pigment released in the breakdown of hemoglobin from red blood
cells; mainly excreted by the liver in bile

Back 3

bilirubin

胆红素

Front 4

Inflammation of the gallbladder

Back 4

cholecystitis

胆囊炎

Front 5

The condition of having stones in the gallbladder; also used to refer
to stones in the common bile duct

Back 5

cholelithiasis

胆石症

Front 6

Chronic liver disease with degeneration of liver tissue

Back 6

cirrhosis

肝硬化

Front 7

Acute abdominal pain, such as biliary colic caused by gallstones in
the bile ducts

Back 7

colic

腹绞痛

Front 8

A chronic inflammatory disease of the gastrointestinal tract usually
involving the ileum

Back 8

Crohn disease

克罗恩病

Front 9

The frequent passage of watery bowel movements

Back 9

diarrhea

腹泻

Front 10

Inflammation of diverticula (small pouches) in the wall of the digestive
tract, especially in the colon

Back 10

diverticulitis

憩室炎

Front 11

The presence of diverticula, especially in the colon

Back 11

diverticulosis

憩室形成

Front 12

Difficulty in swallowing

Back 12

dysphagia

咽下困难

Front 13

Vomiting

Back 13

emesis

呕吐

Front 14

An abnormal passageway between two organs or from an organ to
the body surface, such as between the rectum and anus (anorectal
fistula)

Back 14

fistula

瘘管

Front 15

Inflammation of the stomach and intestine

Back 15

gastroenteritis

胃肠炎

Front 16

Varicose veins in the rectum associated with pain, bleeding, and
sometimes prolapse of the rectum

Back 16

hemorrhoids

痔疮

Front 17

Inflammation of the liver; commonly caused by a viral infection

Back 17

hepatitis

肝炎

Front 18

Enlargement of the liver

Back 18

hepatomegaly

肝肿大

Front 19

A protrusion of the stomach through the opening (hiatus) in the diaphragm
through which the esophagus passes

Back 19

hiatal hernia

食管裂孔疝

Front 20

Jaundice

Back 20

icterus

黄疸

Front 21

Intestinal obstruction. May be caused by lack of peristalsis
(adynamic, paralytic ileus) or by contraction (dynamic ileus).
Intestinal matter and gas may be relieved by passage of a tube
for drainage.

Back 21

ileus

肠梗阻绞痛

Front 22

Slipping of one part of the intestine into another part below it.
Occurs mainly in male infants in the ileocecal region (see Fig. 12-8).
May be fatal if untreated for more than 1 day.

Back 22

intussusception

肠套叠

Front 23

A yellowish color of the skin, mucous membranes, and whites of the
eye caused by bile pigments in the blood (from French jaune meaning
“yellow”). The main pigment is bilirubin, a byproduct of the
breakdown of red blood cells.

Back 23

jaundice

黄疸

Front 24

An unpleasant sensation in the upper abdomen that often precedes
vomiting. Typically occurs in digestive upset, motion sickness, and
sometimes early pregnancy.

Back 24

nausea

恶心

Front 25

Blood present in such small amounts that it can be detected only microscopically
or chemically; in the feces, a sign of intestinal bleeding
(occult means “hidden”)

Back 25

occult blood

潜血

Front 26

Inflammation of the pancreas

Back 26

pancreatitis

胰腺炎

Front 27

A lesion in the mucous membrane of the esophagus, stomach, or
duodenum caused by the action of gastric juice

Back 27

peptic ulcer

消化性溃疡

Front 28

Inflammation of the peritoneum, the membrane that lines the abdominal
cavity and covers the abdominal organs. May result from
perforation of an ulcer, rupture of the appendix, or infection of the
reproductive tract, among other causes.

Back 28

peritonitis

腹膜炎

Front 29

A tumor that grows on a stalk and bleeds easily

Back 29

polyp

息肉

Front 30

An abnormal increase in pressure in the hepatic portal system. May
be caused by cirrhosis, infection, thrombosis, or tumors.

Back 30

portal hypertension

门静脉高压症

Front 31

Narrowing of the opening between the stomach and the duodenum;
pylorostenosis

Back 31

pyloric stenosis

幽门狭窄

Front 32

Enlargement of the spleen

Back 32

splenomegaly

脾肿大

Front 33

Chronic ulceration of the colon of unknown cause

Back 33

ulcerative colitis

溃疡性结肠炎

Front 34

Twisting of the intestine resulting in obstruction. Usually involves
the sigmoid colon and occurs most often in children and in the
elderly. May be caused by congenital malformation, foreign body,
or adhesion. Failure to treat immediately may result in death

Back 34

volvulus

肠扭转

Front 35

A passage or communication between two vessels or organs. May be
normal or pathologic, or may be created surgically.

Back 35

anastomosis

吻合术

Front 36

Use of barium sulfate as a liquid contrast medium for fluoroscopic or
radiographic study of the digestive tract. Can show obstruction,
tumors, ulcers, hiatal hernia, and motility disorders, among others.

Back 36

barium study

钡餐

Front 37

Surgical removal of the gallbladder

Back 37

cholecystectomy

胆囊切除术

Front 38

A system for staging colorectal cancer based on degree of penetration
of the bowel wall and lymph node involvement; severity is graded
from A to C

Back 38

Dukes classification

Front 39

Use of a fiberoptic endoscope for direct visual examination. GI studies
include esophagogastroduodenoscopy, proctosigmoidoscopy
(rectum and distal colon), and colonoscopy (all regions of the colon)
(see Fig. 12-5).

Back 39

endoscopy

内镜检查

Front 40

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography; a technique for
viewing the pancreatic and bile ducts and for performing certain
techniques to relieve obstructions. Contrast medium is injected into
the biliary system from the duodenum and radiographs are taken
(see Fig. 12-9).

Back 40

ERCP

内窥镜逆行性胆胰管造影

Front 41

An opening into the body; generally refers to an opening created for
elimination of body waste. Also refers to the operation done to create
such an opening (see stoma).

Back 41

ostomy

造口术

Front 42

A surgically created opening to the body surface or between two
organs (literally “mouth”)

Back 42

stoma

造口