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34 Cards in this Set
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Kenneth Burke |
Most influential U.S rhetorical theorist of the twentieth century.
Was known as a scholar of literature.
Wrote “equipment for living” and “Grammar of Motives/ A Rhetoric of Motives”
Most foundational ideas: rhetoric makes human unity possible, language use is symbolic action, and rhetoric is symbolic inducement. Human beings are symbol using animals. His interest in rhetoric was focused on finding symbolic means of overcoming separation. |
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Michel Foucault |
Creator of panopticism, which is a surveillance culture; we are always being surveilled.
Power is not an institution, but power is obtained through discourse (system of talk). |
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Jacques Derrida |
Wrote Speech and Phenomena, Of Grammatology, and Writing and Difference which all analyze the hidden operations of language.
Viewed language as “a system of relations and oppositions” that must be continually defined.
Came up with deconstruction. (the written language we use, have hidden mechanisms). there is a concealed power of symbols that are words that shape our thinking with the written language that we use. . He also said that words are unstable, they have unstable meaning to them. Oppositions within language (for example: in order to have war, you must know peace). |
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Mikhail Bakhtin |
Language form of self disclosure.
Rhetorical nature of language and culture.
Idea of language being ideological.
Every word is a 2 sided act.
Creator of polyphonic - many voices, each in their own perspective of the world.
Discourse always performs a social or relational function.
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Lloyd Bitzer |
Rhetorical situation dictates The Fitting Response - has to choose the right response or prescribed response.
Calls identification “the key term in Burke’s theory of rhetoric.”
Came up with rhetorical exigence, audience, constraints. |
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OTP (Perelman & Olbrechts-Tyteca) |
OTP believes rhetoric develops out of the contact of audiences with arguments; an argument’s quality results, not from its internal structure, but from the quality of the audience it succeeds in persuading.
Presence - the choice to emphasize certain ideas and facts over others, thus encouraging an audience to attend them (fact making present)
Wrote the new rhetoric.
No claim is evidently True in a contemporary pluralist environment.
Came up with centrality of audience: Universal audience, audience of one, self audience. |
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Wayne Booth |
Literary critic, study of fictional writings.
Wrote the "The Rhetoric of Fiction" when the authors judgement is always present to anyone who knows how to look forward. And we must not ever forget that though the author can to some extent choose his disguises, he can never choose to disappear.
Admires the work of Bakhtin.
- Author can choose his disguise, he can never choose to disappear. |
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George Kennedy |
challenges rhetorical tradition by comparing western communication culture to nontraditional areas in other cultures and animals. proposes rhetoric is unique to symbol using creatures
refers to Burke as a “sometimes quirky writer” |
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Stephen Toulmin |
Analysis of moral reasoning, developed practical arguments. wrote “the uses of argument”.
Pioneered the Toulmin Model of Argumentation Claim ― of fact, judgment/value, policy, definition/classification Grounds/ Data ― support the arguer offers on behalf of the claim (what is your proof? How do you know? Why?) can be based on ― evidence, source credibility, analysis & reasoning, premises Warrant ― performs a “linking” function by establishing a mental connection between the grounds and claim Qualifier ― statement about how strong the claim is Rebuttal ― an exception to your claim Backing ― credentials to back up the warrant. Must be introduced if the warrant is not convincing enough |
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Jurgen Habermus |
“ideal speech community”, the goal is emancipation of self. Came up with Public Sphere. looks to stabilize discourse by outlining conditions under which it can proceed rationally and with relative freedom from ideological coercion.
Habermas also discussed in connection with universal pragmatics the notion of communicative competence, the conditions under which rational communication is possible. |
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Communication competence involves three elements, according to Habermas. |
First, a truth claim is shared by speaker and hearer. A speaker makes a claim that both speaker and listener understand in a similar fashion. A failure to accurately interpret truth claims constitutes a failure in communication competence.
Second, the hearer understands and accepts the speaker's intention; beneath the truth claim the competent listener understands a motive.
Third, the communicatively competent speaker adapts to the hearer's worldview, that is, adapts arguments to her or his audience.
For Habermas, false ideologies lead to false thinking, which in turn leads to false consciousness--a flawed and thus distorting view of reality, of the world, and of people. Critical theory seeks, through the analysis of ways we talk and think, a new and liberating consciousness. |
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Karlyn Kohrs Campbell |
Rhetorician specializing in women’s communication, rhetorical theory/ criticism and presidential rhetoric. Wrote “Man Cannot Speak for Her” (1989). discovering womens writing that has been marginalized |
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Helene Cixous |
French Algerian Literary Critic. abstract writing. Creating female rhetoric. Wrote essays, plays and fiction. Wrote “The Laugh of the Medusa” |
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Universal Audience |
An imagined audience of highly rational individuals; an audience of all normal, rational adults; the ideal audience (Perelman & Olbrechts-Tyteca) |
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Self-deliberating |
Often regarded as an incarnation of the universal audience. Deliberating on your own arguments to evaluate effectiveness. you are the most capable of evaluating your arguments |
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Public Sphere |
Habermus, A place of discussion among individuals unrestrained by dominating influence of political systems and the interests of the state, and where ideas of interest to everyone are discussed and refined.
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Terministic Screen |
Kenneth Burke’s term to describe the fact that every language or choice of words becomes a filter through which we perceive the world. #filter |
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Advocacy |
legitimizing; leading others to believe your opinion. Promoting ones interpretation
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Dramatism Pentad |
Kenneth Burke Scene - location of the act Agent - person performing the action Agency - the means by which the agent performs the act Purpose - the reason for the action; intended goal.
tragic frame: pentad used to justify demonizing and alleviate social discomfort |
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Identification |
The bond between rhetors and their audiences, finding identification crucial to cooperation, consensus, compromise, and action. (Kenneth Burke) |
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Panopticism |
system of power both physical and rhetorical. Foucault’s term for the increasing surveillance that characterizes modern life. |
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Postmodernism |
20th century intellectual movement
rejects Enlightenment ideals of progress and reason questions metanarrative (absolutist explanations of the whole world - for example Christianity) Philosophy of questioning the metanarratives
rejects objectivity
Modernist confidence in reason and power was focused on solving human problems and resolving moral dilemmas |
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Consubstantiality |
(kenneth burke) Occurs when two entities are united in substance through common ideas, attitudes, possessions or properties.
Rhetoric’s goal, is to bring together individuals separated from one another by alienation and competition. When two people relate
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(Rhetorical) Exigence |
In Lloyd Bitzer’s situation theory of rhetoric, “an imperfection marked by urgency … a defect an obstacle, something waiting to be done, a thing which is other than it should be.”
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(Rhetorical) Audience |
In Lloyd Bitzer’s situation theory, “those persons who are capable of being influenced by discourse and of being mediators of change.” |
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(Rhetorical) Constraints |
In Lloyd Bitzer’s situation theory of rhetoric, “persons, events, objects, and relations which are parts of the situation because they have the power to constrain decision and action needed to modify the exigence.”
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Fitting Response |
In Lloyd Bitzer’s situational theory, a rhetorical response that is dictated by components of the rhetorical situation, including exigence, audience, and constraints.
The best plan/outcome of a problem (after considering exigence, audience, and constraint)
has to choose the right response |
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Rhetorical Situation |
Dictates or prescribes the fitting response - exigence - audience - constraint - fitting response |
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Universal Pragmatics |
(Habermas) Rules for using & understanding language rationality
takes place in the public sphere |
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Rhetoric of Display (Visual Display) |
Rhetorical theory and criticism focused on visual or representational rather than language-based rhetoric. |
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Invitational Rhetoric |
In Foss and Griffin, a rhetoric that does not require or assume intent to persuade on the part of the source. |
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Feminist |
marginalized group (women & minorities)
karlyn kohrs Campbell |
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Warrant |
is what links the grounds to the claim Toulmin says that the weakest part of any argument is its weakest warrant. Remember that the warrant is the link between the data and the claim. If the warrant isn't valid, the argument collapses.
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Deconstruction |
* Deconstructive approach to written discourse are 1) to reveal hidden mechanisms at work influencing meaning, 2) to demonstrate the concealed power of symbols to shape thinking, and 3) to underline the fact that no one escapes these elusive qualities of language. |
