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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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civil rights |
citizenship rights guaranteed to the people (primarily in the 13th, 14th, 15th, 19th and 26th Amendments) and protected by the government |
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suspect classification |
classification, such as race, for which any discriminatory law must be justified by a compelling state interest |
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strict scrutiny |
a heightened standard of review used by the Supreme Court to assess the constitutionality of laws that limit some freedoms or that make suspect classification |
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intermediate standard review |
standard of review used by the Court to evaluate laws that make a quasisuspect classification |
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minimum rationality test |
standard review used by the Court to evaluate laws that make a nonsuspect classification |
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racism |
institutionalized power inequalities in society based on the perception of racial differences |
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black codes |
a series of laws in the post-Civil War South designed to restrict the rights of former slaves before the passage of the 14th and 15th Amendments |
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Reconstruction |
the period following the Civil War during which the federal government took action to rebuild the South |
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poll taxes |
taxes levied as a qualification for voting |
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literacy tests |
test, requiring reading or comprehension skills as a qualification for voting |
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grandfather clauses |
provisions exempting from voting restrictions the descendants of those able to vote in 1867 |
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Jim Crow laws |
southern laws designed to circumvent the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments and to deny blacks rights on bases other than race |
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segregation |
the practice and policy of separating races |
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Plassy v. Ferguson |
Supreme Court case that established the constitutionality of the principle "separate but equal" |
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National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) |
an interest group founded in 1910 to promote civil rights for African Americans |
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Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka |
Supreme Court case that rejected the idea that separate could be equal in education |
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boycott |
refusal to buy certain goods or services as a way to protest policy or force political reform |
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de jure discrimination |
discriminating arising from or supported by the law |
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de facto discrimination |
discrimination that is the result not of law but rather of tradition and habit |
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busing |
achieving racial balance by transporting students to schools across neighborhood boundaries |
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affirmative action |
a policy of creating opportunities for members of certain groups as a substantive remedy for past discrimination |
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English-only movements |
efforts to make English the official language of the United States |
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Equal Rights Amendments |
constitutional amendment passed by Congress but never ratified that would have banned discrimination on the basis of gender |
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sexual harassment |
unwelcome sexual speech or behavior that creates a hostile work enviroment |
