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22 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Ultrasonography
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A painless, radiation free, diagnostic imaging of the urinary tract that is most commonly used in children.
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Voiding cystourethrography (VCUG)
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An imaging technique that involves the insertion of a catheter into the bladder and filling it with iodinated contrast dye. Images are then taken before and during voiding.
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Radionuclide voiding cystography
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An imaging technique that involves the insertion of a catheter into the bladder and filling it with a radioactive contrast material. Images are taken before and during voiding. This does not allow for visualization of the urethra.
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Urodynamic testing
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Tests to diagnose voiding dysfunction. Includes cystometry, urethral pressure profilometry, uroflowmetry, pressure-flow micturition studies, electrophysiologic, and neurophysiologic studies.
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Normal adult bladder capacity
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300 to 500ml; the urge to void develops at 150 to 250ml. Less than 50ml should remain in the bladder after voiding. Bladder capacity for older adults is 250-300ml.
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Stress incontinence
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Loss of urine when intraabdominal pressure increases. This is the most common type of chronic incontinence. Due to a loss of pelvic muscle strength. May be caused by reduced estrogen, childbirth injuries, loss of nerve function, and obesity.
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Urge incontinence
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Loss of urine accompanied by a sudden urge to void due to involuntary contractions of the detrusor muscle. When a person can remain continent but still experience sudden urges it is termed overactive bladder syndrome.
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Mixed incontinence
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A combination of both stress and urge incontinence.
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Neurogenic bladder
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Voiding dysfunction due to loss of nervous communication.
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Overflow incontinence
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Leakage of urine due to an overfilled bladder. This often occurs due to obstruction of the urethra.
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Functional incontinence
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Loss of urine due to physical or environmental limitations that prevent socially acceptable voiding.
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Enuresis
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Intermittent incontinence in children while asleep. May be primary (never achieved nighttime continence) secondary (incontinence after at least 6mo of continence). May be monosymptomatic (nocturia only) or nonmonosymptomatic (includes daytime incontinence).
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Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR)
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Reflux of urine from the bladder to the ureter and renal pelvis. Due to incompetence of the valvular mechanism at the ureter-bladder junction. May be primary (usually congenital defect) or secondary (often increased pressure in the bladder). Increases risk of kidney infection.
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Ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO)
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Blockage in urinary flow from the renal pelvis at the entry point of one or both ureters. Usually diagnosed before birth. May be treated surgically. More common in males.
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Uretral ectopy
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Placement of a ureter in an abdominal location or a duplicate ureter. More common in females. Increases risk of infection. May manifest as incontinence. May be treated surgically.
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Uretrocele
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congenital cystic dilation of the distal end of the ureter. May be intravesical (within the bladder) or extravesical (bladder neck or urethra). Most common in Caucasian females. Usually diagnosed prenatally.
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Neoplasms
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Urothelial (transitional cell) carcinomas are the most common type. Squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, and small cell bladder cancers are rare. Smoking is the greatest risk factor. Family history and recurrent UTIs are also risk factors. Presents with painless hematuria. Diagnosed with cystoscopy and biopsy. Treated with surgery, radiation, chemo, and immunotherapy. Recurrence is common.
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Urethritis
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Inflammation of the urethra. Usually caused by infection. Presents as pain, burning, and incontinence. Most common STI in men. Effected by estrogen levels.
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Cystitis
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Inflammation of the bladder lining. May be caused by many things, the most common being bacterial infection by E. coli. Female gender and urinary stasis are common risk factors. Symptoms include fever and GI symptoms. Diagnosed with a nitrite and leukocyte esterase dipstick test. Antibiotics and topical estrogen are common treatments.
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Interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS)
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Pelvic pain lasting longer than 6mo with frequency, urgency, dysuria and dyspareunia. Pain increases with full bladder.
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Ureterolithiasis
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Calculi in the ureters which may cause obstruction. Leads to ureteral colic which presents with tachycardia, tachypnea, diaphoresis, nausea, and vomiting. a-Adrenergic blockers may be used to speed expulsion. Stones larger than 10mm require surgical removal or shock wave therapy.
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Bladder urolithiasis
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Calculi in the bladder usually made up of ammonium acid urate. May be asymptomatic of exhibit dysuria, suprapubic pain, and urinary hesitancy. Poses risk for postrenal acute kidney injury. May require surgical removal.
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