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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Another name for protein synthesis.
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Translation
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What are the three main stages of translation?
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1.) Initiation
2.) Elongation 3.) Termination |
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Translation begins at the _______, which puts the ribosome in the proper _______.
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initiation codon
reading frame |
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What is the initiation codon sequence?
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AUG
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Initiation requires proteins called _______.
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initiation factors (IFs)
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What is the Shine-Dalgarno sequence?
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In mRNAs:
5' AGGAGG 3' |
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What is the Kozack sequence?
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ACCAUGG
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In bacterial cells, the _______ guides the small ribosomal unit to the correct initiation codon.
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Shine-Dalgarno sequence
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In eukaryotes, the _______ recognizes the 5' end of the message and finds the first AUG triplet by scanning.
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smallest ribosomal subunit
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AUG codes for _______, so it is always the first amino acid to be incorporated into the polypeptide chain.
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Methionine
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How many types of methionyl-tRNAs are there?
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2: one for initiation and one for residues on the polypeptide.
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After the initiator tRNA is bound, the _______ of the ribosome joins the complex.
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large subunit
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How many sites are there on a ribosome for tRNA?
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3:
P(peptidyl) site A (aminoacyl) site E (exit) site |
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The _______ cycle is the process of adding each subsequent amino acid to the growing polypeptide chain.
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Elongation
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_______ catalyzes the bond formation between amino acids.
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Peptidyl Transferase
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In bacteria, the ribosome moves 3 nucleotides along the mRNA in the _______ direction during _______.
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5' -> 3'
translocation |
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Translocation is driven by conformational changes in an _______.
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Elongation factor (EF-G or eEF2)
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Mutations that add or delete nucleotides that affect translocation.
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Frameshift Mutations
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What are the three stop codons?
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UAA
UAG UGA |
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What are the two release factors in eukaryotic cells?
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eRF1 and eRF3
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_______ produce stop codons and cause premature chain termination.
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Nonsense mutations
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In some cases, nonsense mutations are destroyed by _______.
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Nonsense-mediated decay (NMD)
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_______ protects the cells from nonfunctional proteins.
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NMD
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The _______ can be used to detect an inappropriate stop.
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Exon-junctions complex (EJC)
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A _______/_______ is a complex of multiple ribosomes on mRNA, allowing simultaneous translation.
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polyribosome/polysome
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_______ can increase the rate of protein synthesis.
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Polyribosomes
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