Kaplan Mcat B-06 (Musculoskeletal System)

Front 1

What is the primary purpose of the musculoskeletal system?

Back 1

physical internal support

Front 2

What is an example of an exoskeleton?

Back 2

arthropods

Front 3

What is an endoskeleton?

Back 3

Like what humans have. An inside skeletal system.

Front 4

What is the axial portion of the skeleton?

Back 4

The axial skeleton is the basic
framework of the body, consisting of the skull, the vertebral column, and the
rib cage.

Front 5

What is the appendicular portion of the skeleton?

Back 5

limb bones and the pelvic
and pectoral girdles.

Front 6

What are the two major components of the skeletal system?

Back 6

bone and cartilage

Front 7

What is cartilage made of?

Back 7

chondrin

Front 8

What is chondrin secreted by?

Back 8

chondocytes

Front 9

Most cartilage has blood vessels. (T or F)

Back 9

False. Most cartilage is avascular.

Front 10

Cartilage does not have nerves. (T or F)

Back 10

True. It is devoid of nerves.

Front 11

How does cartilage receive nourishment?

Back 11

from capillaries in nearby connective tissue and via diffusion from bone.

Front 12

What are the two types of bone?

Back 12

compact bone and spongy bone

Front 13

In what type of bone is bone marrow located?

Back 13

spongy bone

Front 14

What is the function of red bone marrow?

Back 14

It is involved in blood cell formation.

Front 15

What is the function of yellow bone marrow?

Back 15

It stores fat which the body consumes as a last resort in cases of extreme starvation.

Front 16

Back 16

Front 17

What are the two organic components of the bone matrix?

Back 17

collagen fibers and glycoproteins

Front 18

what are the six inorganic components of the bone matrix?

Back 18

calcium, phosphate, hydroxide, sodium, potassium and magnesium ions.

Front 19

Back 19

Front 20

what page did you leave off on?

Back 20

131

Front 21

What are osteoclasts involved in?

Back 21

bone resorption

Front 22

What are the two subcategories of bone formation?

Back 22

endochondral ossification or intramembranous ossification

Front 23

What is the basis behind endochondral ossification?

Back 23

existing cartilage
is replaced by bone

Front 24

What is the basis behind intramembranous ossification?

Back 24

connective tissue is transformed into, and replaced by bone.

Front 25

What is the basis behind bone remodeling?

Back 25

Bone remodeling is a life long process where old bone is removed from the skeleton (a sub-process called bone resorption) and new bone is added (a sub-process called ossification or bone formation). Calcium and phosphate are released (from old bone) into the blood then reabsorbed to make new bone.

Front 26

What is the purpose of synovial fluid?

Back 26

to lubricate the joint

Front 27

In a joint, what is the purpose of articular cartilage?

Back 27

It is smooth and reduces tension during movement.

Front 28

Back 28

Front 29

What are the three types of muscle in mammals?

Back 29

skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle.

Front 30

Skeletal muscle is innervated by the ____.

Back 30

somatic nervous system

Front 31

Back 31

Front 32

Due to the various bands in this type of muscle is also referred to as striated muscle. What type of muscle am I talking about?

Back 32

Skeletal Muscle

Front 33

Skeletal muscle fibers have two subcategories. What are they?

Back 33

White fibers & Red fibers

Front 34

What are the unique features of white skeletal muscle fibers?

Back 34

high myoglobin content / many mitochondria - This muscle is capable of sustained vigorious activity.

Front 35

What are the unique features of red skeletal muscle fibers?

Back 35

little myoglobin content / few mitochondria - This muscle is capable of a great rate of contraction.

Front 36

White muscle fibers are also known as:

Back 36

fast-twitch fibers

Front 37

Red muscle fibers are also known as:

Back 37

slow-twitch fibers

Front 38

What kind of action is smooth muscle responsible for?

Back 38

Smooth muscle is responsible for involuntary actions

Front 39

What system is smooth muscle controlled by?

Back 39

autonomic nervous system

Front 40

T or F: Smooth muscle cells possess one centrally located nucleus.

Back 40

True

Front 41

Why is smooth muscle called smooth muscle?

Back 41

They lack the striations of skeletal muscle.

Front 42

What is myogenic activity?

Back 42

Having the property of reflexively contracting without nervous stimulation.

Front 43

Cardiac muscle is innervated by what?

Back 43

autonomic nervous system

Front 44

T or F: cardiac muscle, unlike smooth muscle, is not myogenic.

Back 44

False. They both are myogenic.

Front 45

What does a flexor muscle do?

Back 45

contracts to decrease the angle of a joint

Front 46

What does a extensor muscle do?

Back 46

contracts to straighten the joint

Front 47

What does a abductor muscle do?

Back 47

moves a part of the body away from the body's midline

Front 48

What does a adductor muscle do?

Back 48

moves a part of the body toward the midline

Front 49

What is the principle behind synergistic muscles?

Back 49

Synergistic muscles are groups of muscles that work together to cause the same movement.

Front 50

What is the major function of connective tissue?

Back 50

To bind and support other tissue

Front 51

Loose connective tissue has three types of fibers. What are these three fibers?

Back 51

collagenous fibers; elastic fibers; reticular fibers

Front 52

What are the two types cell types in connective tissue?

Back 52

fibroblasts and macrophages

Front 53

What is the key property of collagenous fibers which make up some of the connective tissue?

Back 53

have great tensile strength

Front 54

What is the key property of elastic fibers which make up some of the connective tissue?

Back 54

endow connective tissue with resilience

Front 55

What is the key property of reticular fibers which make up some of the connective tissue?

Back 55

are branched, tightly woven fibers that join connective tissue to adjoining
tissue.

Front 56

What is the purpose of ligaments?

Back 56

to hold two bones together

Front 57

What is the purpose of creatine phosphate?

Back 57

ATP is created without the supply of extra oxygen.

Front 58

What oxygen related property does myoglobin have?

Back 58

Myoglobin is a hemoglobin-like protein found in muscle tissue. Myoglobin
has a high 02 affinity; it binds to 02 from the bloodstream and holds onto
it.

Front 59

How does myoglobin act during strenuous exercise?

Back 59

During strenuous exercise, when muscle cells rapidly run out of available
0b myoglobin releases its 02' In this way, myoglobin acts as an additional
oxygen reserve for active muscle.