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75 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is karyokinesis
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nuclear division
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what happens at interphase
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chromosome is replicated
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what is chromatin
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DNA is uncoiled during interphase and chromosomes are not visible
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how is sister chromatids held together
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centromere
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what happens at prophase
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chromosome condense and centrole separate and move toward opposite poles of the cell
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what happens at metaphse plate
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spindle apparatus attach to each chromatid at centromere to align the chromosomes in the center of the cell forming the metaphase plate
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what happens at anaphase
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sister chromatids separate
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what happens at telophase
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new nuclear membranes form and chromosomes uncoil
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what happens at cytokinesis
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cytoplasm divide via cleavage furrow
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what is the spindle apparatus in plant cells synthesized by
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microtubule organizing centers
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what is synapsis
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when homologous chromosomes come together and intertwine during prophase I
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what is crossing over
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exchange of equivalent pieces of dna at corresponding points between chromatids of homologs
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what is disjunction
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homologous pairs separate and pulled to opposite cells in anaphase I.
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Note
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in human females only one of the daughter cells in meosis becomes a functional gamete
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for which organisms does fission occur
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one celled organisms such as algae, amoebae and bacteria
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what is budding
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replication of nucleus followed by unequal cytokinesis
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what organisms use budding
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hydra and yeast
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what is parthogenesis
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development of an unfertilized egg into an adult organism.
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what is alternation of generations
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exhibited in plants in which a diploid generation is succeeded by a haploid generation.
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what is the diploid generation in plants
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sporophyte which produces haploid spores which develop into haploid gametophyte generation
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what is meristem
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undifferentiated tissues in plants
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what ia vegetative propagation
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natural means of plant reproduction.
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what is auxin used for
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it is a synthetic plant homrd in artificial vegetative propagation used to acceleration root formation
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what are oocytes
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eggs produced by ovaries
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where does spermatogenesis occur
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sperm production in the seminiferous tubules.
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how does spermatogenesis occur
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diploid cells called the spermatogonia undergo meosis to produce four haploid sperms of equal size
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what does head of sperm contain
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nucleus with paternal genome
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what does the neck of the sperm contain
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mitochondria
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where does oogenesis occur
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production of female gamete occur in the ovaries
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how does oogenesis occur
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one diploid primary female sex cell undergoes meiosis in the ovaries to produce a single mature egg.
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what is the polar body
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produced by the meiotic division of oogenesis which is a small cells that contains ittle more than the nucleus that rapidly degenerate.
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what affect egg production
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site of fertilization, site of early development of offspring and amount of parental care after birth
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where is testes located
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scrotum w/ 2-4 celsius lower than body temp
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how does the sperm travel
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from testes through the vas deferens to the ejaculatory duct and then to the urethra. The urethra passes through the penis and opens to the outside at its tip
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where is testosterone produced
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testes
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what does testosterone regulate
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secondary sex characteristics in male such as hair and voice changes
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where is ovary found
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in the abdominal cavity and below the digestive system
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what is a follicle
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ovaries contain thousands of follicle that are multi-layered sac of cells than contains the immature ovum
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what produces estrogen
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the follicle cells
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where is the immature ovum released to once a month
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from the ovary into the abdominal cavity and into the nearby oviduct
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what is the site of fetal development
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uterus
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what is the cervix
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site of sperm deposition during intercourse and is also the passageway through which a baby is expelled during child birth.
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what sex hormones does ovary produce
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estrogen and progesterone
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what is the secretion of estrogen and progestrone regulated by
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LH and FSH which in turn is regulated by GnRH
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what is estrogen secreted by
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ovarian follicles and corpus luteum
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what does estrogen do
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thickening of endometrium (uterine wall) and stimulate development of female reproductive tract
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what is progesterone
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secreted by the corpus luteum during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle.
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what does progesterone do
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stimulates the development of the endometrium wall for implantation
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what happens at the follicular phase
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begins with cessation of menstrual flow from previous cycle. FSH from the anterior pituitary promote the development of follicles which begins secreting estrogen
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what happens during ovulation
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LH surge at midcycle which triggers ovulation. A mature ovarian follicle bursts and releases an ovum
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what happens at luteal phase
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ruptured follicle becomes corpus luteum and secretes estrogen and progesterone to build up uterine lining in preparation of implantation. LH and FSH inhibited.
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what happens at menstruation
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if ovum is not fertilized, corpus luteum atrophies. The drop in progesteron and estrogen level cause the endometrium to flough off giving rise to the menstrual flow (menses)
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what happens if fertilization occurs during menstruation
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the developing placenta produces human chorionic gonadotropin hCG maintining corpus luteum until placenta takes over.
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what is the evoluiontary trend in plants suggest
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increased dominance of sporophyte generation
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how does the gametophyte generation produce gametes
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by mitosis and this generation reproduces sexually (haploid)
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what does the sporophyte generation produce
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a haploid spore by meiosis and this generation reproduces asexuallly
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what is the reproductive organ in angiosperms
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flower
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what is the stamen
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the male organ of the flower and contains a thin stalk like filament with a terminal sac called the anther
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what does the anther produce
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haploid spores that develop into pollen grains
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what is the pistil
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the female organ of the flower
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what is the stigma
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the sticky part of the pistil that catches pollen
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what is the style
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the tubelike structure connecting the stigma to the ovary
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what is the ovary
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the enlarged base of the pistil
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what are sepals
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green leaves that cover and protect the flower bud during early development
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what is the male gametophyte in plants
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pollen grain
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what is the female gametophyte in plants
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the embryo sac that develops in the ovule from one of four spores
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how does fertilization in plants occur
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when sperm enters the embryo sac
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what is the epicotyl
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the part of plant zygote that is precusor of upper stem and leaves
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what is the cotyledons
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the seed leaves of the plant zygote
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what is the hypocotyl
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part of plant zygote that develops into the lower stem and root
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what is the endosperm
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grows and feeds the embryo
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what is the seed coat of plant zygote
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develops from the outer covering of the ovule
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what is the fruit formed from
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ovary walls
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what is apical meristem
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where plants grow in length
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what is the cambium
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the lateral meristem cell that permits growth in diameter.
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