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86 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is catabolism
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break down large chemicals and release energy
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what is anabolism
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build up large chemicals and require energy
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what is absorption
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passage of nutrient molecules through the lining of the digestive tract into the body proper
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what is assimilation
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build up of new tissues from digested food materials
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what is respiration
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the consumption of oxygen by the body, which is used to convert glucose into ATP.
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what is synthesis
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the creation of complex molecules from simple ones
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what is homeostatis
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body's metaoblism functions that maintain its internal environment in a changing external environment
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what is irritability
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the ability to respond to a stimulus and is part of regulation
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what is protoplasm
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the substance of life which are primarily carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus.
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what is the unit of an element
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atom
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what is the unit of a compound
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molecule
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what is a compounds
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atoms joined by chemical bonds
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what is carbohydrate composed of
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carbon hydrogen and oxygen in 1:2:1 ratio.
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what is carbohydrate used as
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storage forms of energy or as structural molecules
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what are examples of monosaccharide
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glucose and fructose
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how is disaccharide formed
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dehydration synthesis which involves loss of a water molecule
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what are examples of disaccharide
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maltose and sucrose
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what are examples of polysaccharide
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glycogen and starch
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what is cellulose
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structural polysaccharide in plants
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are glycogen, starch and celluose soluble in water
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no
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how can large polymers be broken down
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hydrolysis
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what does a lipid consist of
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3 fatty acids bonded to a single glycerol backbone
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what does fatty acid look like
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long carbon chains that give them their hydrophobic character and carboxylic acid groups that make them acidic
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what process forms one fat molecule
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3 dehydration reactions
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do lipids form polymers
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no
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what is the chief means of food storage in animals
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lipids
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what is the major component of fatty or adipose tissue
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lipids
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what is phospholipid
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a lipid derivative and contain glycerol, two fatty acids, a phosphate group and nitrogen containing alcohol. Found in lecithin and cephalin (found in brain, nerves and neural tissue)
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what are waxes
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a lipid derivative that are esters of fatty acids. Found as protective coatings on skin, fur leaves of higher plants.
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what are steroids
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lipid derivative that have three fused cyclohexane ring and one fused cyclopentane ring.
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what are example steroids
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cholesterol, sex hormones, and corticosteroids.
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what are cartenoids
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fatty acid-life carbon chains containing conjugated double bonds and carrying six-membered carbon ring at each end. These are pigments
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what are porphyrins
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lipid derivative that contain four joined pyrrole rings and often complexed with metal.
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what are proteins
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polymers of amino acids
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how are amino acids joined
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peptide bonds through dehydration reaction.
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what are polypeptides
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chains of peptide bonds of amino acids
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what is the primary structure of protein
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sequence of amino acids
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what is the secondary structure of protein
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the shape of protein into alpha helices or beta pleated sheets.
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what are simple proteins
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only composed of amino acids
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what are albumins and globulins
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functional proteins that act as carriers or enzymes
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what are scleroproteins
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act as structural proteins. Ex is collagen
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what are conjugated proteins
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simple protein w/ atleast one nonprotein fraction
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what are lipoproteins
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protein bound to lipid
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what are mucoproteins
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protein bound to carbohydrates
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what are chromoproteins
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protein bound to pigmented molecules
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what are metalloproteins
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protein complexed around a metal ion
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what are nucleoproteins
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protein containing histone or protamine (nuclear protein) bound to nucleic acids
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what do hormones do
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protein that function as chemical messengers secreted into circulation. (insulin and ACTH)
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what do antibodies do
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proteins that bind to foreign particles or antigens that have entered the body
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why are enzymes important to living things
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all living systems must have continuous controlled chemical activities.
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do enzymes affect the overall change in G of the reaction
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no
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are enzymes changed or consumed in the course of the reaction
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no
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what affects enzyme action
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temperature, pH and concentration
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what does lactase do
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hydrolyze lactose to monosaccharides glucose and galactose
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what does proteases do
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degrade proteins to amino acids
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what does lipase do
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break down lipids to fatty acids and glycerol
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where does protein synthesis occur
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ribosomes
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what are cofactors
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nonprotein molecule that many enzymes require to be incorporated for it to become active
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what are prosthetic groups
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cofactors which bind to the enzyme by strong covalent bonds
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what are nuclic acids
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polymers of nucleotides
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what is phase contrast microscopy
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light microscope that permits the study of living cells
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what is the fluid mosaic model
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cell membrane consist of a phospholipid bilayer with protein embedded throughout.
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what is the plasma membrane permeable to
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small nonpolar molecules like oxygen and small polar molecules like water.
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how do small charged particles cross the membrane
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through protein channels
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how do some larger molecules cross the membrane
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carrier proteins
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what is DNA complexed with
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histone
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what is chromosome
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DNA complexed with histone
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what is the nucleolus
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in the nucleus where ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis occurs
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what are ribosomes
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site of protein synthesis.
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what does mitochondria do
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site of aerobic respiration within the cells
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what is cyclosis
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streaming movement in the cytoplasm that is the form of transport
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what are centrioles
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specialized microtubules involved in spindle organization during cell division.
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do plants have centrioles
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no
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what is autolysis
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cell death by rupturing the lysosome
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what is simple diffusion
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net movement of dissolved particles down their concentration gradient
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what is osmosis
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simple diffusion of water from a region of lower solution concentration to region of high solute concentration
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what is plasmolysis
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cell shrivel as a result of hypertonic environment
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what is hypotonic
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external medium is lower in concentration so water flows into cell causing it the lyse or burst
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what is facilitated diffusion
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net movement of dissolved particles down their concentration gradient w/ special channels or carrier proteins
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what is brownian movement
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intracellular circulation involve the movement of particles due to the kinetic energy which spreads small suspended particles through the cytoplasm of the cell
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what circulation does ER provide
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direct continuous passageway from plasma membrane to the nuclear membrane
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what is diffusion
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extracellular circulation when cell is in direct contact w/ the external environment
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what is endocytosis
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the cell membrane invaginates around a food particle and pinches off, enclosing the material in a vesicle that can travel freelyl in the cytoplasm
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what does lysosome degrade an ingested material
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it fuses with a vesicle and hydrolytic enzymes degrade the food particle
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what is the metabolized in mitochondria
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glucose and fructose
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what is NA/K ATPase do
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moves three sodium ions out for every two potassium ions it lets into the cell.
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