Kaplan Biology Terms

Front 1

Archenteron

Back 1

The central cavity in the gastrula stage of embryological development;
It is lined by endoderm and ultimately gives rise to the adult digestive tract.

Front 2

Canaliculi

Back 2

Small canals connecting lacunae within the bone matrix with Haversian canals, allowing for the flow of nutrients and wastes

Front 3

Cardiac Output

Back 3

Found by multiplying the heart rate by the stroke volume;
This is the total blood volume pumped by the left ventricle in one minute

Front 4

Centriole

Back 4

A small organelle in the cytoplasm of animal cells;
It organizes the spindle apparatus during mitosis or meiosis

Front 5

Centrosomes

Back 5

Paired cylindrical organelles, located in the cytoplasm, that contain the centrioles

Front 6

Chief Cells

Back 6

Cells within the stomach that secrete pepsinogen, a zymogen that is converted to its active form, pepsin, by the acidic environment of the stomach

Front 7

Chylomicron

Back 7

Soluble lipid molecule that consists of triglycerides and esterified cholesterol molecules;
Absorbed into lacteals from the digestive tract

Front 8

Episomes

Back 8

A specialized subset of plasmids capable of integrating into the genome of bacteria under specific circumstances

Front 9

Haversian Canal

Back 9

Central channel within the osteon (Haversian System) containing blood vessels, nerve fibers, and lymph vessels

Front 10

Helper T-cells

Back 10

Type of T-cell that secretes lymphokines;
The specific combination of lymphokines secreted will determine the nature of the immune response;
Activation of Tb1 cells will results in a cytotoxic response, while a Tb2 rsponse will rely on B-cells

Front 11

Interphase

Back 11

The stage between successive nuclear divisions;
It is divided into the G1, S, and G2 stages;
Cell growth and DNA replication occur during interphase

Front 12

Inversion

Back 12

A chromosomal mutation in which a section of a chromosome breaks off, flips over, and then reattaches in its original spot

Front 13

Kinetochore

Back 13

A protein structure, located at the centromere, that provides a place for spindle fibers to attach to the chromosome

Front 14

Linkage

Back 14

Tendency for certain alleles to be inherited together due to proximity on the same chromosome

Front 15

Microfilaments

Back 15

Small polymerized rods of actin that participate in muscle contraction, movement of material within the cellular membrane, and amoeboid movement

Front 16

Microtubule

Back 16

A small hollow tube composed of two types of protein subunits;
Serves numerous functions in the cell, such as comprising the internal structures of cilia and flagella and allowing vesicle movement int he cell

Front 17

Missense Mutation

Back 17

Type of mutation that results in the substitution of one amino acid for another, like in sickle-cell (Glu to Val)

Front 18

Neural Crest Cells

Back 18

Cells that originate at the tip of the neural fold and then migrate outward to form the PNS, melanocytes, C-cells of the thyroid, etc.

Front 19

Nondisjunction

Back 19

Failure of homologous chromosomes to separate during meiosis

Front 20

Nonsense Mutation

Back 20

A change in nucleotide sequence of DNA that results in a premature stop codon in the mRNA sequence

Front 21

Pattern recognition receptor

Back 21

Type of receptor on macrophages and dendritic cells that is able to recognize the nature of the invader and release the appropriate cytokines to attract the right immune cells to the area

Front 22

Spindle

Back 22

a structure dividing cells composed of microtubules;
It is involved in the separation of chromosomes during mitosis and meiosis

Front 23

Starling Forces

Back 23

A sum of the forces generated by hydrostatic and osmotic pressures;
Results in a greater attraction of fluid to one side of a membrane

Front 24

Tropic Hormone

Back 24

Hormone that is secreted and travels to a target cell or organ, where it triggers release of another hormone, which causes changes in the physiological activity of target cells