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70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
outer membrane of nuclear envelope
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continuous with rough endoplasmic reticulum
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nucleolus
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site of rRNA synthesis and ribosome assembly
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the higher the cholesterol content
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the more tightly the phospholipids of the bilayer are packed, high rigidity and low fluidity
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increasing proportion of unsaturated fatty acids or shorter-chain fatty acids
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increases membrane fluidity
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cholesterol
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dcreases fluidity somewhat but prevents actual freezing, always increases mechanical stability
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simple diffusion
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not saturable
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nuclear env
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thicker than the plasma memb
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nuclear lamin
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a lattice-like network of proteins has an impt role in the structural organization of the nucleus
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most abundant RNA in the cell
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rRNA
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non histone protein
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enzymes involved in DNA repair, transcription, replication, etc
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heterochromatin
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transcriptionally inactive, highly condensed
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euchromatin
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transcriptionally active form of chromatin
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lower esophageal sphincter (LES)
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muscle at the gastroesophageal jxn sometimes called a physiological sphincter bc it is not a true anatomic sphincter
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secretin, cck, coffee, alcohol, stomach distension
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decrease LES (lower esophageal sphincter) tone, predisposing pts to gastroesophagel reflux dz (GERD)
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achalasia
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inability of LES to relax
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regulation of LES accomplished by inhibitory neurons releasing
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nitic oxide (NO) and VIP (vasoactive intestinal peptide,as stimulation of secretion by the pancreas and small intestine, vasodilation, and inhibition of gastric juice production)
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cck, secretin, GIP (gastric inhibitory polypeptide)
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inhibit gastric emptying
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Brunner's glands
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mucus secretion in duodenum
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gastrin
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produced by G cells in duodenum, secretion stimulated by vagal discharge and products of digestion, main fxn to stimulate HCL secretion by parietal cells and pepsinogen from chief cells
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cck
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produced by duodenum, stimulate pancreatic enzyme secretion, stimulate gallbladder contraction, decrease gastric emptying
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secretin
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stimulate bicarbonate containing fluid from the pancreas and liver, inhibition of gastric emptying and inhibition of gastric acid production
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GIP (gastric inhibitory peptide)
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stimulates pancreatic insulin secretion in the presence of hyperglycemia
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when pH is greater than the pKa
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the base form (A-) is dominant
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when pH is less than the pKa
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the acid (HA) form is dominant
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pKa
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pH where the concentrations of the acid and its conjugate base is equal
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buffer
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most effective when used in a pH range near the pKa
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when HA = A-
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pH of the solution equal to pKa of the weak acid
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bicarbonate,
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major buffer in plasma and interstitial fluid
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protein and organic phosphate esters
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major buffers of intracellular fluid
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histidine
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only aa with good buffering capacity at physiological pH
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carbonic acid
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H2CO3
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bicarbonate anion
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HCO3-
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L amino acids
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only these are incorporated into proteins
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pH at which a molecule is electrically neutral
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isoelectric point
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zwitterion
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at neutral pH, has both a negative and a positive charge
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polysome
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a single mRNA with bunch of ribosomes from 5 to 3 direction
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golgi apparatus
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cis faces RER, trans faces plasma memb, fxn: posttranslational modification
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catalase
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major peroxisomal protein, degrades the hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen
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peroxisome
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beta oxidation of very long chain fatty acids, reduce to c10 and complete in mitochondria
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VIP (vasoactive intestinal polypeptide)
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reside in the parasympathetic ganglia in sphincters, gallbladder and small intestine, stimulate water and electrolyte secretion, relax intestinal smooth ms, inhibit gastric juice
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somatostatin
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inhibits the release of cck, gastrin, most GI hormones
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parietal cells
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secrete HCL and intrinsic factor
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chediak-higashi syndrome
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defect in the ability of microtubules to polymerize within leukocytes, leads to a delay in the fusion of phagosomes within lysosomes, preventing phagocytosis of bacteria
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bronchiectasis
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caused by immotile cilia in respiratory tract, inability to move inhaled bacteria
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sarcolemma
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plasma memb of muscle cells
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druing contraction, A band
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does not change size
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adherent jxn
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connect actin filaments in adjacent cells
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desmosomes
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connect intermediate filaments of adjacent cells
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increased intracellular calcium will
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close gap jxns, this prevents the death of one cell from killing its coupled neighbors
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increase in cAMP will
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increase gap jxns to communicate
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glycosaminoglycans
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carbohydrate component of proteoglycans
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two major structural proteins are
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collagen and elastin (both are fibrous proteins)
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two major adhesive proteins in extracellular matrix are
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fibronectin and laminin
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laminin
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major glycoprotein in basal lamina, mediates attachment of cells to CT
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Wolff's law
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tension on bone causes bone formation, pressure on bone results in bone resorption
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reversal line
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cessation of resorption, when osteoclastic ceases during bone remodeling
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Howship's lacunae
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region from where bone was resorbed, osteoclasts are usually located here in depressions of the bone surface
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hcg (human chorionic gonadotropin)
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this hormone maintains the corpus luteum and its progesterone secretion until placenta begins to produce its own progesterone
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epiblast
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one of embryblast layers, primary ectoder, form the amniotic cavity
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hypoblast
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one of embryoblast layers, primary endoder, primary yolk sac
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splanchnic
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visceral
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caudal
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tail
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rostral
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toward the oral or nasal region, superior, if considering brain, anterior or ventral
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three germ layers derived from
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epiblast
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embryo
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3rd week to 8th wk in gestation
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fetus
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3rd month to birth
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ectodermal nerual crest cells form
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dorsal root ganglia, sensory ganglia of cranial nerves, autonomic ganglia, meninges, schwann cells, adrenal medulla, melanocytes
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ectodermal derivatives
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nervous system, otic and lens placode, skin hair, nails, tooth enamel, pituitary and mammary glands
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mesodermal derivatives
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adrenal cortex
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endodermal layer derivatives
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GI tract
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