Kapittel 3

Front 1

Serial bottlenecks

Back 1

Proposed function in human information processing where the limit for processing in parallel is reached, such as when using the same motor system.

Front 2

Early-selection theories

Back 2

Porpose that selection of which information to process and which to filter is happening early in the process of perception.

Front 3

Late-selection theories

Back 3

Propose that the bottlenecks take place later in the perception process.

Front 4

Goal-directed attention

Back 4

Attention directed by some internal motivation, voluntary.

Front 5

Stimulus-driven attention

Back 5

Attending to a stimulus of importance automatically and involuntary.

Front 6

Dichotic listening task

Back 6

Research on auditory perception. One ear is shadowed, attended to. Most of the information to the unattended ear gets lost.

Front 7

Filter theory

Back 7

Broadbent proposing that selection happens early and on the basis of the physical characteristics of the stimulus, such as pitch or ear. There are also evidence for selection based on meaningfulness of the message.

Front 8

Attenuation theory

Back 8

Treisman modificating the filter theory, early-selection, but the unattended information doesn't get eliminated, only attenuated, weakened. Thus it is still possible to use semantic selection, but it is difficult when the ear is not attended to. Neural evidence suggests that the auditory cortex on the attented ear gets more activated than on the attenuated.

Front 9

Late-selection theory

Back 9

Proposes that the selection is what to respond to, not what to process. The filter or bottleneck takes place after the perceptual process and verbal analysis, but before the selection and organization of the responses.

Front 10

The binding problem

Back 10

Is the question of how the brain integrates different features of a stimulus when there are specialized neurons responsible for firing when a particular feature is present.

Front 11

The feature-intergration theory

Back 11

Treisman, the integration is the work of attention, when attending to a visual stimulus the features are synthesized into a pattern.

Front 12

Illusory conjuctions

Back 12

When we don't attend to an stimulus, a combination of features that did not present, can occur.

Front 13

Space-based attention

Back 13

A type of visual attention that is independent of objects in that location. The right parietal lobe is involved in this type attention.

Front 14

Object-based attention

Back 14

A type of visual attention that is focused on objects independent of their location. The left perietal lobe is involved in this type.

Front 15

Inhibition of return

Back 15

A visual phenomenon in which the attention is harder to focus on a location where our eyes have been before (in a search mode) than to attend to a new region.

Front 16

Central bottleneck

Back 16

Bottleneck in central cognition.

Front 17

Automaticity

Back 17

Is the degree of performing a task automatically, requiring less attention/cognition, through practice. Reduced requirement for central cognition to execute, other tasks can be performed in parallel.

Front 18

The Stroop effect

Back 18

The effect of a conflict between visual information because one task is so automatized that it is hard to inhibit and this will interfere with performance of the other task.

Front 19

Executive control

Back 19

Reffering to the monitoring/directing the central cognition. Important prefrontal regions DLPFC and ACC.

Front 20

DLPFC

Back 20

Upper area of prefrontal cortex. Responsible for setting intention and controlling behavior.

Front 21

ACC

Back 21

In the prefrontal cortex. Monitoring conflict between conflicting tendencies, cognitive control.