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127 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
pH gradient drives import of *** and ***.
pyruvate
phosphate
--- MUSCLE CONTRACTION ---
1) VD *** influx into *** ***.
2) Vesicles empty *** into *** ***
1) Ca2+ - presynaptic
2) acetylcholine - synaptic cleft
NADH yields...
NADH2 yields...
2 e-
3 e-
1) A *** determines where mRNA is translated.
2) After translation it's cleaved by *** ***.
1) 20-26 AA sequence
2) cleaved --- signal peptidase
DNA polymerase uses template strand in *** to *** direction.
3' to 5'
NADH is generated from...
the citric acid cycle
--- MUSCLE CONTRACTION ---
4) Lig Gated ***/*** ***/***
5) *** spreads & continues ***-*** coupling
4) Na+/K+ influx/efflux - cytosol
5) Depolarization - excitation-contraction coupling
1) *** assist folding of macromolecules.
2) *** is in ER lumen and binds incoming/outgoing proteins.
1) Chaperones
2) Binding immunoglobulin protein(BiP)
*** protein transports a molecule solo via....
Uniport
Acetyl CoA comes from ***.
pyruvate
*** is made with poly-t primer
cDNA
*** protein transports a molecule w/same flow of ***.
Symport
co-transported ion
TCA?
Occurs where?
TriCarboxylic Acid cycle
mitochondria matrix
1) ***: AA peptide on ***-terminus keeping proteins in ER(even Golgi)
2) Leave only if sequence is ***.
1) KDEL --- N-Terminus
2) cleaved
glycosidic bond reactions
2 mono >>> di
di >>> 2 mono
condensation
hydrolysis
--- Karyopherins ---
1) α su binds *** of imported protein.
2) β su helps complex to bind the *** *** ***.
1) NLS of
2) nuclear pore complex.

Nuclear Localization Signal/Sequence
ATP synthase is a *** pump.
reversible
***: is used to mark proteins in Golgi for transport to ER.
KDEL
GPI? Spelled?
Anchors protein to cell membrane.
Directs to ER > Golgi > ECM
glycosylphosphatidylinositol

glycosyl - phosphatidyl - inositol
--- Phospholipid Transverse Diffusion ---
1) ER membrane protein...
2) Plasma membrane protein...
1) scramblase
2) flippase
FG repeat?
phenylalanine—glycine repeat
3 Pathways out of Golgi
1)
2)
3)
1) lysosome
2) cell exterior
3) cell exterior (default no signal)
*** binds to importin complex releasing cargo...
Ran-GTP
*** - The process where complementary DNA/RNA form a doublestrand.
Hybridize/hybridization
The *** cell releases neurotransmitter into synapse at its ***.
In greek?
presynaptic
axon terminal
"before the synapse"
Cargo and *** bind to exportin. This becomes *** when it arrives in cytosol.
Ran-GTP
Ran-GDP
4 basic building blocks & larger units
Fatty acids - lipid/fat/membrane
Sugars - mono/di/polysaccharide
Amino acids - proteins
Nucleotides - Nucleic acids
Before being released into the ***, neurotransmitters are stored in ***.
synaptic cleft
synaptic vesicles
What is a man-made micelle?
liposome
--- Golgi Complex ---
1) *** Golgi networks
2) *** cisternas
3) *** faces
1) two
2) three
3) two
--- Nuclear Lamina---
Lamina - general term meaning "layer"
1) *** filaments forming sheets
2) 'P' of the AA *** causes ***.
3) 'deP' of the AA *** causes ***.
1) intermediate
2) serine --- disintegration
3) serine --- integration
***: Vesicle coat protein transporting proteins from cis-Golgi back to RER.
COPI (COat Protein complex I)
***: Type of vesicle coat protein transporting proteins from RER to Golgi apparatus.
COPII (COat Protein complex II)
Decreasing # of chain carbons.
*** phase transition temp.
Decreasing
1) M6P?
2) M6PR?
1) mannose-6-phosphate
2) mannose-6-phosphate receptor
*** EXPLAIN ***
Chain termination DNA Sequencing
3) heat to *** & *** according to size by ---.
4) Analyze with ***/*** film OR ***/gel ***.
3) denature & separate - gel electrophoresis
4) autoradiography/x-ray film
UV light/gel image
*** are the gaps between myelin sheaths.
Nodes of ranvier
Increasing # of chain carbons.
*** phase transition temp.
Increasing
POMC?
*** makes this molecule functional
preproopiomelanocorticotropin
pre pro opio melano cortico tropin

proteolysis
The *** is the protein structure on chromosomes where spindle fibers attach during cell division.
kinetochore
*** *** holds sugars being attached to *** during N-glycosylation.
dolichol bisphosphate
asparagine - N - Asn
Increasing # of double bonds.
*** phase transition temp.
Decreasing
Example of complex oligosaccharide...
sialic acid
NANA
N-acetylneuraminic acid
Decreasing # of double bonds.
*** phase transition temp.
Increasing
30nm chromatin packing is right above the *** level.
beads-on-a-string
*** is the unraveled DNA/protein complex usually found.
Chromatin
***: Region where identical sister chromatids are in closest contact serving as point of mitotic *** attachment.
Centromere
cell division
spindle
***: Proteins transporting molecules from cytoplasm into nucleus.
Karyopherins
In animal cells, two types of action potential.
1) Generated by ***.
2) Generated by ***.
1) voltage-gated sodium channels
2) voltage-gated calcium channels
*** fats are good because...
Unsaturated
stay liquid
Type of bonding...
Fatty acids
Sugars
Amino acids
Nucleotides
Fatty acids - ester bond
Sugars - glycosidic bond
Amino acids - peptide bond
Nucleotides - phosphodiester
Double bonds in hydrocarbon chains will be lower in *** temperatures.
higher
Double bonds in hydrocarbon chains will be higher in *** temperatures.
lower
Draw glycerol
make note of H on glycerol...
h2 - h - h2
Membrane protein that uses covalent bonds on outer monolayer are associated with ***.
extracellular sugars
Transmembrane proteins span across the plasma membrane w/--- amino acids that are ***.
20-26
hydrophobic
DNA linking support structure...
Total width?
Top Left Carbon #? Bottom#?
phosphate deoxyribose backbone
2nm
5' - 3'
Chain termination DNA Sequencing
Q3) What's unique in each reaction tube?
1) ---
ddNTP
dNTP?
deoxynucleotide triphosphate
ddNTP?
dideoxynucleotide triphosphate
The Inner to outer *** ratio equalizes during ***.
phosphatidylserine
apoptosis
Methods to analyze DNA...
VNTR
mircoarray
Phospholipid components
head group
phosphate
glycerol
(2) fatty acid
ATP components
adenine
ribose
(3)phosphates
Name the four ways lipids move around?
1) Common
2)
3)
4) Rare
Lateral diffusion
Flexion - break a pencil
Rotation - spinning
Flip-flop
AA
1) left side?
2) right side?
N - amino group
C - carboxyl group
kinky AA?
proline
Hybridoma experiment.
4) results
0 minutes = 50/50 split
40 minutes = complete diffusion
What are the acidic AA?
Glutamic Acid
Aspartic Acid
--- Ion Concentration gradients INSIDE cell ---
Higher?
Lower?
Higher - K+
Lower - Na+, Ca++, Cl-
VNTR analysis at four loci will have *** bands. VNTR w/largest # of repeats will be at the ***.
8 or less
top
disulfide bond AA?
cysteine
Glycolysis products
2 [NADH]
2 [ATP]
First glucose uptake protein? ***
Second? ***
This helps too... ***
Na+ driven glucose symport - Na+/Glucose IN
passive glucose transporter - Glucose out
Na+/K+ pump - Na+ out and K+ in
TCA/Krebs/Citric Acid Cycle
2 GTP
2 FADH2
6 NADH
***(***) is the prototype and most extensively-studied ABC transporter.
Pgp (P-glycoprotein)
Nucleotides?
U - T - A - G - C
Uracil
Thymine
Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine
Function of FAD/NAD?
FAD + ???
NAD + ???
donates two e-
2H+ and 2e = FADH2
H+ and 2e = NADH
AA that can be phosphorylated.
Ser-Serine
Tyr-Tyrosine
Thr-Threonine
Pyrimidine mnemonic?
Pyrimidines?
--- CUT PYe ---
Cytosine
Uracil
Thymine
Essential AA mnemonic?
1st SET?
PVT TIM HALL
Phenylalanine
Valine
Threonine
***: a collection of microscopic DNA spots attached to a solid surface.
DNA microarray
Essential AA mnemonic?
2nd SET?
PVT TIM HALL
Tryptophan
Isoleucine
Methionine
Essential AA mnemonic?
3rd SET?
PVT TIM HALL
Histidine
Arginine
Lysine
Leucine
*** *** centrifuge uses steep sucrose gradient to ***.
Equilibrium sedimentation
cause buoyancy
SDS-PAGE?
sodium dodecyl sulfate

polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
ATP production VIA cellular respiration has 3 main stages...
glycolysis -
citric acid cycle -
electron transport
1) Three parts of cholesterol.

4) How long?
1) polar head group
2) rigid steroid ring structure
3) nonpolar hydrocarbon tail
4) 2nm
*** is a drug that utilizes lysosomes.
Doxorubicin
---CELL MEMBRANE PERMEABILITY---
?3? - hydrophobic molecules
O2 - N2 - steroid horomones
highly
---CELL MEMBRANE PERMEABILITY---
?3? - small uncharged polar molecules
h2o - urea - glycerol
occasionally
The final step of energy creation is ***.
oxidative phosphorylation
mole?
approx. 6.022×10^23
# of C12 isotope atoms in 12 grams
Immortal cell is also known as...
HeLa
Name two types of sedimentation centrifuges...
Velocity sedimentation
Equilibrium sedimentation
---CELL MEMBRANE PERMEABILITY---
?5? - ions molecules
H+ - Na+ - K+ - Cl- - HCO3-
never
Gel electrophoresis should use *** and ***.
BME and SDS

beta-mercaptoethanol/BME
sodium dodecyl sulfate/SDS
Ig class switching... constant region of *** is changed but variable region stays the same.
heavy chain
***: action potential of myelinated axons....
***: action potential of nonmyelinated axons....
Saltatory conduction
action potential conduction
Basic AA have a *** charge in pH 7.
positive
Neurotransmitters bind to *** on *** and cause an inrush of Ca++.
transmitter-gated ion channels
dendrites
Draw two generic AA structures...
H2N-C-COOH ------ H3N(+)-C-COO(-)
Acidic AA have a *** charge in pH 7.
negative
*** is a good endonuclease restriction enzyme.
HpaI
I=roman numberal
Haemophilus parainfluenzae
Antibodies are *** containing two antigen binding sites... as well as a *** and ***.
bivalent -
tail and hinge region
DNA ribose 5' carbon has *** group.
phosphate
What two AA have different 3-Letter code?
Tryptophan - Trp
Isoleucine - Ile
The *** on Macrophages binds to the *** region on Ig. It stands for...?
Fc receptor -
Fc region -

fragment crystallizable
Lipid bilayer is *** thick.
5nm
Antibody tail is ***.
Top binding side is ***
Bottom is ***.
heavy-chain
heavy-chain
light-chain
DNA ribose 3' carbon has *** group.
hydroxyl
Hybrid cells are made from... the final fused cell is called...
differentiated normal cell and mouse tumor cell
heterokaryon/hybridoma
*** and *** use Ig to identify targets for phagocytosis.
Macrophages -
Neutrophil
Name two parts of a microscope...
objective
eyepiece
ΔG+ reaction will happen?
NO
Antibody composition?
1)
2)
3)
4)
effector domains
binding domains
light chain
heavy chain
ΔG- reaction will happen?
YES
How many bonds does AT have?
2
The epitote on antigens finds to the *** on Ig. It stands for...?
Fab fragment
fragment antigen-binding
*** charge in cytosol... *** on outside.
-
+
*** *** centrifuge uses shallow sucrose gradient to ***.
Velocity sedimentation
fractionate
β-mercaptoethanol is used to...
reduce disulfide bonds
(S)*** are found in the cytosol.
sulfhydryl groups
How many bonds does GC have?
3
Name parts of centrifuge
motor
rotor
armored chamber
Channels control by these means...
1) voltage-gated
2) ligand-gated(extra/extracellular ligand)
3) mechanically gated
These drugs affect microtubules
1) Colchicine works by ***
2) Vineblastine/Vincristine works by ***
3) Taxol works by ***
1) preventing polymerization
2) preventing polymerization
3) stabilizing