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53 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What are the three requirements for thunderstorm development?
Moisture, Unstable Air, Lifting Action
What three things can Turbulence cause?
Changes in Altitude, Structural damage, extra stress on the airframe.
What does the effect of Turbulence depend on?
Severity of Turbulence and Speed of the Aircraft
Where does a Gust Front form?
On the surface at the leading edge of an advancing storm.
Where do Roll and Wall Clouds occur?
In Severe and fast moving thunderstorms. Key Word: Severe
What do Roll and Wall clouds indicate?
The presence of low level wind shear and extreme turbulence.
How high has hail been encountered?
As high as 45,000 feet in clear Air
How far has hail been carried?
10 or 20 miles downwind
What does lightning and Electrostatic discharge result from?
Separation of positive and negative charge, from water and ice passing in up & down drafts.
What builds up in the aircraft while flying in the clouds?
Static Charge
Can lightning strike an aircraft flying in the clear?
Yes
Is structural damage from lighting possible?
Yes
Is catastrophic fuel ignition possible?
Yes
What is a visual risk to pilots from lightning?
Flash Blindness
What is a funnel cloud?
A tornado not touching the surface
What are microbursts?
Intense, highly localized downward atmospheric flow with velocities of 2000 to 6000 feet per minute
Microbursts outflow produces wind shears of __ knots.
20-200 Knots
How wide is a microburst area?
1/4 to 2.5 miles
How long does a microburst last?
5-10 minutes
When do microbursts usually occur?
Mid afternoon during summer months.
In a microburst, a large ring of air flows…
outward from center of the downburst
Can a microburst be dry?
Yes
What is virga?
Evaporating Rain
Colder air ______ as it descends
Accelerates as it descends
What is one cause of dry microbursts?
Large temperature (dew point) spread at the surface
When first entering a microburst, the edge of the vortex ring produces wind blowing:
upward from ground.
What are the visual cues of Microbursts? (stupid)
Virga, Localized blowing dust, severe thunderstorms, heavy rain, low or no visibility, gusty winds, frequent lightning, tornado activity.
What does ground based Doppler radar detect?
Microbursts, Tornados, Low-Level Windshear
Is a Doppler real time hazard reporting?
Yes
Are the Low Level Shear alert systems real time?
No
When would you make a PIREP?
You encounter unusual and unforecast wx conditions, wind shear on dep/arrival
Are PIREPs real time?
No. But they're definitive
What is the most accurate means of tracking thunderstorms?
NEXRAD. Next Generation Radar
What indicates Thunderstorm severity?
Heights of Tops of CBs
What is Airborne Radar used for?
To circumnavigate and avoid scattered thunderstorms
If you fly over the top of a TS, what is the altitude margin for turbulence and hail?
At least 1000 feet for every 10 knots of wind speed at cloud top level
If you go underneath a TS, you should fly?
1/3 distance from ground to cloud base
If you have to Penetrate a TS, where should you fly?
the lower 1/3rd of the storm
What temperature should you penetrate a storm at?
Below the freezing level or above the -20° level.
What speed should you penetrate at?
Recommended Turbulent air penetration speed
Should you disengage the autopilot before TS entry?
Yes
Should you avoid abrupt control inputs to avoid pilot-induced structural damage?
yes
More TS penetration Procedures. What do you do with the loose objects?
Secure them.
More TS penetration Procedures. What should you do with the shoulder harness and lap belt?
Tighten them
More TS penetration Procedures. What should you do with the lights?
Up to highest intensity to lessen temporary blindness
If your Pitot Heat isn't on already, you should
Turn it on
What do roll and wall clouds indicate?
The presence of low level wind shear and extreme turbulence.
What 4 methods can be used to detect a Microburst?
Visual cues, Wind shear alert systems, PIREPs, Dep/Arrival wx reports
What is the Altitude margin above a TS for?
Turbulence & hail
TS are most severe in the __ thirds of it.
Top 2/3rds
If a TS is approaching, do not ___ or ___.
Take off or land
Why do you want to Penetrate a TS perpendicular?
To minimize time in the Storm
What hazards to flight are associated with a TS?
Hail, Turbulence, Lightning