Jw Uhcl Developmental Biology Final Ch11

Front 1

***: type of undifferentiated connective tissue from [M].

Back 1

Mesenchyme

Front 2

[[[[[[[[[[[[Neurula-Stage [M] Regions]]]]]]]]]]]]]
1) *** – notochord
2) *** – somites and bone
3) *** – kidney and gonads
4) *** – heart and cavities
5) *** mesenchyme – facial

Back 2

1) Chorda
2) Paraxial
3) Intermediate
4) Lateral plate
5) Head

Front 3

--- Five Neural-Stage [M] Regions ---
*** *** [M] – forms body cavities

Back 3

Lateral Plate

Front 4

*** occurs at same time of meso/endoderm organs formation.

Back 4

Neurulation

Front 5

--- *** [M] ---
Separates into transient somites flanking notochord
Determines migrational path of NCCs and s*** n*** a***.

Back 5

Paraxial
spinal nerve axons

Front 6

*** are TRANSIENT block structures flanking notochord.

Back 6

Somites

Front 7

*** is the process of somite formation.

Back 7

Somitogenesis

Front 8

--- Somitogenesis ---
Important processes....
1) P***
2) E***
3) S***
4) D***

Back 8

1) Periodicity
2) Epithelialization
3) Specification
4) Differentiation

Front 9

*** is a repeating regular interval or period.

Back 9

Periodicity

Front 10

--- Somitogenesis ---
1) *** causes regular intervals of somite development.
2) Number of somites tells *** of embryo.
3) Chicks have ***, mice *** and snakes ***.

Back 10

1) Periodicity
2) age
3) 50 --- 65 --- 500

Front 11

--- Somitogenesis ---
!!! Periodicity caused by...
Separation caused by...

Back 11

hairy gene
Ephrin/Eph receptor

Front 12

--- Somite PeriodiciTY PATTERN –
1) Hairy Gene expression in *** portion of unsegmented tissue has *** rhythm.
2) New somite created every # *** & expressed in its *** portion for at least # more***.

Back 12

1) caudal --- wave-like
2) 90 minutes --- posterior
15 --- hours

Front 13

Somitogenesis is not due to typical cell *** but instead is autonomous processes.

Back 13

migrating

Front 14

--- Somite SEPARATION ----
1) Hairy gene encodes TF targeting *** and *** *** which cause
2) repulsion between posterior side of *** and migrating ***.

Back 14

1) Eph --- Ephrin receptors
2) somite --- NCCs

Front 15

--- Zebrafish Somite Separation ---
Somite / presomite junction
1) Anterior presomite expresses receptor/ligand ***.
2) Posterior somite expresses receptor/ligand ***.
3) border previously DeTerMined by *** gene.

Back 15

1) receptor EphA4
2) ligand ephrinB2
3) Hairy

Front 16

Epithelialization – Fibronection and ***-cadherin synthesis is regulated by *** ***

Back 16

N-cadherin --- Paraxis mRNA

Front 17

--- Somite Specification ---
1) *** specification occurs early.
2) *** specification occurs late.

Back 17

1) AXIAL
2) Internal

Front 18

--- Somite AXIAL Specification ---
1) Commitment occurs *** and cells fates are ***...
2) However, internal specification happens *** after ***.

Back 18

1) early – fixed
2) late --- maturation

Front 19

Somites - Masses of [M] flanking neural tube become...
1) skin (***)
2) muscle (***)
3) vertebrae (***) –- mesenchymal

Back 19

1) dermatome
2) myotome
3) sclerotome

Front 20

--- Somite Specification ---
1) Dermatome and myotome derive from *** precursor.
2) Sclerotome(vertebrate) layer becomes *** ***.

Back 20

1) Dermamyotome
2) mesenchymal Chondrocytes

Front 21

Sclerotome is termed this because...

Back 21

Forms hard tissue of somite
(vertebrate)

Front 22

*** discs slip in the back and are composed of *** *** tissue.

Back 22

Intervertebral --- nuclei pulposi

Front 23

--- Myotome of Somite ---
1) Epaxial muscle = *** layer *** to neural tube.
2) Hypaxial muscle = *** layer *** from neural tube.

Back 23

1) outer --- closest
2) inner --- farthest

Front 24

--- Myotome of Somite ---
1) Both Epaxial and Hypaxial get *** and ***#/# from epidermis.
2) Only Epaxial muscle gets *** from ***(because its closer) forming the *** layer.
3) Hypaxial muscle then forms *** layer muscle...

Back 24

1) BMP4 --- Wnt1/3
2) SHH --- notochord --- OUTSIDE
3) inner(body wall)

Front 25

1) TF *** causes dermatome to migrate into epidermis.
2) SHH induces Pax1 activating *** specific genes.

Back 25

1) NT-3
2) cartilage

Front 26

1) ***: differentiation into skeletal muscle.
2) *** cells fuse into *** which contains many ***...

Back 26

1) Myogenesis
2) myoblast --- myotube --- nuclei

Front 27

--- Muscle TFs ---
1) *** and *** are called Master Switches because they
2) activate *** specific genes in somites causing differentiation to *** cells.

Back 27

1) Myf5 --- MyoD
2) muscle --- Myoblast

Front 28

--- Muscle Cell Lineage ---
1) Somite
2) ***
3) ***
4) ***

Back 28

1)
2) Myoblast
3) Myotube
4) Myofiber

Front 29

--- Muscle TF Lineage ---
1) *** or ***
2) ***
3) ***

Back 29

--- Muscle TF Lineage ---
1) MyoD or Myf5
2) MYOG(myogenin)
3) MRF4

Front 30

--- Muscle Cell Lineages ---
1) Somite + TF ???
2) Myoblast + TF ???
3) Myotube + TF ???
4) Myofiber

Back 30

1) MyoD or Myf5
2) MYOG
3) MRF4

Front 31

--- Muscle Development ---
1) High FGF = proliferation -repression of TF *** activating ***.
2) Low FGF = differentiation -activation of *** repressing ***.

Back 31

1) MyoD --- cdk4/cyclinD1
2) p21 --- cdk4/cyclinD1

Front 32

--- Muscle Cell Development ---
1) TF *** controls proliferation/differentiation switch.
2) ***(*** family) is a transcriptional *** of MyoD.

Back 32

1) FGF
2) Twist(Wnt) --- Repressor

Front 33

1) ***: process of bone development.
2) ***: formation of bones.
3) ***: formation of cartilage.

Back 33

1) Osteogenesis
2) Ossification
3) Chondrogenesis

Front 34

--- Cartilage Formation ---
*** initiates and *** maintains.

Back 34

N-cadherin --- N-cam

Front 35

--- Osteogenesis ---
Regions Generating Skeleton
1) *** --- Axial skeleton
2) *** *** --- Limb skeleton
3) *** *** --- Facial crap

Back 35

1) Scleretome
2) Lateral-Plate [M]
3) Cranial NCCs

Front 36

--- Osteogenesis ---
Regions Generating Skeleton
1) Scleretome generates *** skeleton and
2) Lateral-Plate [M] *** skeleton.
3) Cranial NCCs.............

Back 36

1) Axial
2) Limb
3)

Front 37

--- Osteogenesis ---
Modes of Bone Formation
1) *** ossification doesn't use cartilage.
2) *** ossification uses cartilage.

Back 37

1) Intramembranous
2) Endochondrial

Front 38

1) *** ossification uses Osteogenesis and Chondrogenesis.
2) TF *** activates cartilage specific genes.

Back 38

1) Endochondrial
2) Scleraxis

Front 39

*** bones of skull formed through *** ossification.

Back 39

Flat --- Intramembranous

Front 40

1) ***: Specialized fibroblasts secreting calcium binding *** that
2) create calcified *** structures located w/in the *** membrane.
3) Nephron units are locating in the *** and contain
4) # cells and # cell types.

Back 40

1) Osteoblast --- proteogycans
2) spicules --- Periosteum
3) kidney
4) 10,000 --- 12

Front 41

--- Long Bone Formation ---
1) *** condenses into Cartilage.
2) *** chondrocyte in the *** region
3) become larger secreting different ***,
4) more ***, and less *** ***.

Back 41

1) Mesenchyme
2) Hypertrophic --- central
3) larger --- collagen
4) fibronectin--- protease inhibitors

Front 42

--- Long Bone Formation ---
1) Cartilage Matrix is degraded when *** chondrocytes die.
2) *** cells then secrete bone matrix replacing w/bone
3) in a process called *** ***.

Back 42

1) Hypertrophic
2) Osteoblast
3) Capillary Invasion

Front 43

--- Epiphyseal Growth Plate (EGP) ---
1) Primary response to *** hormone.
2) Secondary response to *** hormone.... (chain rxn)
3) Requires active *** ***(organ).

Back 43

1) IGF-1(Insulin-like Growth Factor 1)
2) GH (Growth Hormone)
3) Pituitary Gland

Front 44

-- Hypertrophic Chondrocytes ---
Switching from *** to *** type of *** causes release of matrix vesicles containing calcium.

Back 44

aerobic to anaerobic respiration

Front 45

1) Kidney and *** Develop from the *** [M] Region.
3) Metanephros retained in ***.

Back 45

1) Intermediate [M] Region
2) amniotes

Front 46

Mammal Kidney Development Phases....
1)
2)
3)

Back 46

1) Pronephros
2) Mesonephros
3) Metanephros

Front 47

***: functional kidney in fish and amphibian larva.

Back 47

Pronephros

Front 48

--- Mammal 1st Kidney Progression ---
1) Retains only the *** portion of the pronephric ***
2) which forms into the nephric ***.
3) The *** portion induces the *** of the new *** kidney.

Back 48

1) caudal --- duct --- nephric “wolffian” duct
2) Middle --- tubules --- mesonephros

Front 49

HSCs and ducts of testes are formed from transient *** ***.

Back 49

Mesonephros tubules

Hematopoietic stem cells

Front 50

Mesonephros tubules have brief existence but they...
1) source *** *** *** and
2) *** structures of the ***.

Back 50

HSCs(hematopoietic stem cells)
Tubes --- testes ((((from tubules))))

Front 51

--- Mammal Kidney Progression ---
1) Reciprocal induction between *** *** and *** ***.
2) primary inducer forms *** ***.
3) induced form *** *** ***.

Back 51

1) Metanephrogenic mesenchyme --- ureteric buds
2) nephron
3) collecting duct

Front 52

--- Mammal Kidney Reciprocal Induction ---
1) Formed by complex interactions between *** and
2) *** components of the *** [M].

Back 52

1) epithelial --- mesenchymal
2) intermediate

Front 53

--- Mammal Kidney Reciprocal Induction ---
1) Metanephrogenic mesenchyme is formed in the *** region of the *** [M].

Back 53

posterior --- intermediate