Jw Uhcl Developmental Biology Exam 2 Essays Qs

Front 1

--- Q1 - Disheveled and β-catenin proteins ---
--- Role specifying vegetal cells? Relation to logic circuits? ---

1) *** prevents degradation of *** in ***(area) of ***(cell). *** then specifies
2) cells to become micromeres by entering *** & *** w/***(***) to activate
3) gene expression via *** ***. These micromere cells become *** and
4) ***, specify *** half of embryo, and give rise to ***(structure). Non-micromere
5) cells become ***. Micromere specification uses the *** *** *** circuit. If
6) level 1 is active, then level 2 is ***, and then level 3 is ***.

Back 1

1) Disheveled --- β-catenin --- vegetal cortex --- ooctye --- β-catenin
2) nuclei --- combining --- TCF(T-cell Factor)
3) Wnt pathway --- transformed --- endoderm
4) mesoderm --- vegetal --- archenteron
5) ectoderm --- double negative gated
6) not active --- active

Front 2

--- Q2 - French Flag Analogy ---
--- Explain & Example ---

1) The *** diffuses from site of ***(***) to site of ***(***). *** of flag
2) cells differentiate into ***, ***,or ***. Other tissues using same
3) gradient respond ***. Analogy uses French and *** flags.
4) Picture... **/**/**/** flags used w/regions transplanted from...
5) Picture... *** VS *** --- TOP LEFT > MIDDLE > BOTTOM RIGHT

6) ***(species) cells from ***(state) *** leg are placed in *** of
7) ***. These cells are *** to being leg cells and respond to
8) *** in gradient becoming ***.

Back 2

1) morphogen --- synthesis/source --- degradation/sink --- Rows
2) red, white, or blue
3) differently --- American
4) French/American/Hybrid/Hybrid --- TWO unique sector locations
5) Cell color --- morphogen thresholds --- source > gradient > sink

6) Drosophila --- developing --- middle --- tip
7) antennae --- committed
8) position --- claws

Front 3

--- Q3 - Bicoid & Nanos/Caudal Specification ---
--- Type Used & Explain in Fruit Fly ---

1) As a general rule, insects use *** specification during *** and
2) *** after *** occurs forming ***. In the fruit fly, concentrations of
3) *** are highest at the anterior end and *** at the posterior end
4) This creates two *** *** with different protein *** at each
5) location. This ratio instructs *** of their *** on the ***-*** axis.

Back 3

1) syncytial --- development
2) conditional specification --- cellularization --- blastoderm
3) Bicoid protein --- caudal protein
4) opposing gradients --- ratios
5) nuclei --- location --- anterior-posterior

Front 4

--- Q4 - Acrosomal Reaction ---

1) (*******) AKA ZP3 is a *** kDa glycoprotein in the *** egg which
2) binds sperm surface protein ***, ***, and ***.

3) Sperm *** a "*** *** ***" where flagellum produces vigorous
4) ***-*** movements propelling sperm toward *** of the *** ***
5) via ***. Glycoproteins on sperm bind with glycoproteins on
6) *** of egg where *** *** begins. ***(enzyme) ***(verb)
7) ZP and membrane of the egg. Sperm's cell membrane ***
8) with egg membrane and *** of acrosomal vesicle *** into egg in
9) a process mediated by ***. The (acrosomal ***) *** outward
10) by ***(reaction) of *** molecules producing ***(structure).

Back 4

1) Zona pellucida sperm-binding protein 3 --- 83 --- mouse
2) galactosyltransferase, sp56 and P95

3) acquire --- hyperactive motility pattern
4) whip-like --- ampulla --- fallopian tube
5) chemotaxis
6) ZP --- acrosome reaction --- Acrosin digests
7) fuses
8) contents --- sink
9) mediated -- Ca2+ -- process extends-
10) polymerization -- actin microfilaments

Front 5

--- Q5 - Sea Urchin Species-Specific ---
--- Draw and Explain Importance ---

1) Titles: TOP = ***; LEFT = ***. Inside the four blocks are *** *** & ***
2) showing either *** or ***. Bindin is a *** kDa protein on sperm
3) *** *** differing between ***-*** ***. Bindin's receptor, located on egg ***,
4) is a *** kDa glycoprotein called ***. Together creating species-specific recognition.
5) Important because: ensures egg fertilized *** w/***/*** sperm; ensures
6) ***/*** *** is not *** *** which would stop fertilization with *** sperm;
7) EBR1 ***/*** the number of possible sperm binding reducing *** of
8) *** which causes *** *** in most species.

Back 5

1) Sperm Bindin --- Dejellied Eggs --- bindin particles --- eggs
2) agglutination --- no agglutination --- 30.5
3) acrosomal process --- closely-related species --- microvillus
4) 350 --- EBR1
5) ONLY --- compatible/viable
6) slow/fast block --- prematurely initiated --- viable
7) controls/limits --- risk
8) polyspermy --- embryo death

Front 6

--- Q6 - Ig Ca2+ & Egg Activation ---
1) Two mechanism for egg activation. One is *** to fusion and
2) one is ***. Prior happens when *** activates a egg
3) *** ***(class) and an *** receptor on the ****** of ****** with
4) ***(***) causing them to release ***. The mechanism *** egg
5) activation is the same except *** by *** ***.

6) *** techniques are used either *** or *** through the *** of *** to
7) ***(***-*** *** *** ***) located in the
8) ****** of ******. The direct method uses only *** *** Ig
9) and the indirect uses *** *** Ig and *** Ig.

Back 6

1) PRIOR --- fusion
2) AFTER --- bindin --- membrane
3) RTK receptor --- IP3 receptor --- ER --- CG
4) IP3(inositol trisphosphate) --- Ca2+ --- after
5) initiated --- soluble activators

6) Immunocytochemistry --- directly --- indirectly --- binding --- Ig
7) CDCrC(Calcium-dependent calcium release channels)
8) ER --- CG --- tagged primary
9) tagged secondary --- primary Ig

Front 7

--- Q7 - Blastocoel ---

1) First theory, blastocoel fluid becomes *** with *** *** causing *** *** of
2) into blastocoel cavity pushing *** ***. Second theory, cells *** to ***
3) *** allow ***. Current view is a combination of both with *** in early
4) stages and *** *** in later stages.

5) *** *** is secreted into *** hyaline *** *** layer causing it to *** H2O and
6) swell. The *** hyaline layer does not *** but ***. *** creates movement of *** into
7) blastocoel. *** *** of ***(tissue) causes archenteron to extend greatly by *** of
8) *** *** ***.

Back 7

1) syrupy --- its proteins --- H2O influx
2) blastomere --- outward --- attached --- hyaline
3) layer --- expansion --- hyaline ---
4) blastocoel pressure

5) Chondroitin sulfate --- inner --- fibropellin protein ---absorb
6) outer --- swell --- buckles --- Epiboly --- blastoderm
7) Convergent extension --- chordamesoderm --- intercalation
8) embryonic shield cells

Front 8

--- Q8 - Frog Blastopore Positioning ---
--- Describe lead up. Axes specified? ---

1) *** axis determined before fertilization; *** and *** axes after fertilization.
2) Site of Sperm Entry becomes *** and site opposite called *** *** becomes
3) ***. #% into *** cleavage, *** cytoplasm rotates # *** to *** cytoplasm
4) through ***, *** ***, and ***(*** to movement) found between two layers
5) of cytoplasm. *** begins at site of *** *** *** which is at *** ***. These
6) microtubules are seen *** before rotation and *** thereafter. Near end of first
7) cycle, cytoplasm ***, *** have met, DNA is ***, and new *** formed.

Back 8

1) Animal-vegetal --- Dorsal-Ventral --- Anterior-Posterior
2) ventral --- Gray Crescent
3) DORSAL --- 80% --- 1st --- cortical --- 30° relative --- inner
4) Motors --- ATPase kinesin --- microtubules --- parallel
5) Gastrulation --- greatest cytoplasmic displacement --- Gray Crescent
6) immediately --- disappear
7) rearranged --- pronuclei --- replicating --- proteins

Front 9

--- Q9 – MPF Regulation ---

1) There are two subunits of MPF(***-*** ***). Subunit CDC2(*** *** ***) *** is
2) the *** subunit controlling ***/***. Subunit CyclinB allows *** residues to be
3) *** w/*** thereby *** *** activity. Residues *** and *** must be dePed and
4) *** must be Ped.

5) In period 1A, MPF is *** from *** *** ***. Includes diagrams ***.
6) In period 1B, MPF is regulated by *** *** *** ***. Includes diagrams ***.
7) In period 2, MPF is regulated by *** *** ***. Includes ***.

8) [1] *** *** *** w/***
9) [2] *** ***
10) [3] ***
11) [4] *** *** w/***
12) [5] ***/*** ***

Back 9

1) maturation-promoting factor --- (Cell Division Cycle) phosphorylase
2) catalytic --- mitosis/M phase --- CDC2
3) modified --- P --- controlling MPF --- T-14 --- Y-15
4) T-161

5) active --- maternal string protein --- [1]
6) maternal mRNA cyclinB translation --- [1][2][3]
7) zygotic string protein --- [1][2][3][4][5]

8) [1]Active MPF complex w/T161.
9) [2]CyclinB degradation.
10) [3]CDC2.
11) [4]Pre-MPF complex w/T14/Y15/T161.
12) [5]CDC25/string phosphatase

Front 10

--- Q10 - Evidence ---

1) *** evidence(weakest)
2) Definition
3) Example

4) *** evidence(strong)
5) Definition
6) Example

6) *** evidence(strongest)
7) Definition
8) Example

9) Coherence: Acceptance of evidence when...

Back 10

1) Correlative
2) Correlations inferring causal relationship
3) meeting of egg and sperm causes Ca2+ wave. Ca2+ wave causes fertilization

4) Functional
5) Absence of postulated cause associated with absence of effect
6) calcium chelator EDTA added before fertilization. Ca2+ failed to activate egg

6) Gain-of-Function
7) Initiation of first event causes second event even when neither normally occur
8) calcium ionophores added. Ca2+ release. egg activated

9) it fits into system of other findings

Front 11

--- Q11- Specification & Determination ---
--- Define and Contrast ---

1) *** is reversible and *** is irreversible. *** cell is autonomous
2) ONLY if left in its normal environment. *** cell is autonomous
3) regardless of its environment. Specification Mechanisms are
4) ***, ***, and *** specification. Vertebrate cell specification use
5) ***, Invertebrate use ***, Insect use ***. *** specification involves
6) interactions w/neighboring cells. *** *** is the ability of
7) EMBRYONIC cells to change cell *** for compensation in ***
8) specification. *** is controlled by mRNA/proteins in egg.
9) *** specification causes variable cleavage produces unique cell
10) fates. Relative position of cells is important to *** specification.
11) *** invariant cleavage & *** cell fates. *** specification
12) precedes cell migration. Cell migration precedes or
13) accompanies in *** specification. *** specification has variable
14) cleavage producing no rigid cell fates for particular Nuclei.

Back 11

1) Specification --- Determination --- Specified
2) Determined
3)
4) Autonomous, Conditional, and Syncytial
5) Conditional --- Autonomous --- Syncytial --- Conditional
6) Regulative Development
7) fate --- Conditional
8) Autonomous
9) Conditional
10) conditional
11) Autonomous --- uniform --- Autonomous
12)
13) conditional --- Syncytial
14)

Front 12

--- Q12 - Nonequivalence of Mammalian pronuclei ---

1) The human *** called *** *** resembles *** *** often arises from *** sperm
2) fertilizing an egg where the *** is ***. After entering the egg the sperm
3) chromosome *** themselves restoring *** chromosome number and thus the entire
4) chromosome is *** from the sperm. The eggs of many *** and some
5) ***(no ***) are able to develop *** in the absence of sperm which is called
6) ***(*** ***). *** experiments have shown M&F *** are needed for
7) normal development. Male or female pronuclei can be *** from recently
8) fertilized *** eggs and *** with other *** fertilized eggs creating one w/2 male or
9) 2 female pronuclei.(*** pronuclei distinguished because it's *** the *** ***)
10) Embryonic *** occurs in these embryos; however, *** fail to develop while some
11) of the *** develop ***.

Back 12

1) tumor --- hydatidiform mole --- placental tissue --- haploid
2) pronuclei --- absent
3) duplicate --- diploid
4) derived --- invertebrates
5) vertebrates --- mammals --- normally
6) parthenogenesis --- virgin birth --- Transplantation --- pronuclei
7) removed
8) mouse --- swapped --- recently
9) female --- under --- polar body
10) cleavage --- homozygotes --- heterozygotes
11) normally

Front 13

--- CDC25 phosphorylase ---
1) CDC stands for ***. During first nuclear cycles # - # this
2) protein is synthesized from *** *** *** and on cycle #
3) the mRNA is ***. During cycles # - # the *** complex is
4) *** at residues *** and ***. This creates high levels of
5) *** which allows for *** cell divisions.

Back 13

1) Cell Division Cycle --- 1-13
2) maternal string mRNA - 14
3) degraded --- 1-7 --- pre-MPF
4) dePed --- T14 and Y15
5) Active MPF --- fast

Front 14

--- CDC2 Phosphorylase ---
1) CDC stands for *** *** ***. It is the *** subunit of the
2) *** and is responsible for the execution of ***. The other
3) subunit *** allows the three residues of CDC2 to be
4) modified w/P which controls MPF complex ***. Residue
5) *** must be Ped & residues *** and *** must be dePed.

Back 14

1) CELL DIVISION CYCLE --- catalytic
2) MPF complex --- mitotic (M) phase
3) CyclinB
4) activity
5) T-161 --- T-14 and Y-15