Jw Uhcl Developmental Biology Exam 2 Ch6

Front 1

--- Stages of Commitments ---
1) ***: Irreversible
2) ***: Reversible

Back 1

1) Determination
2) Specification

Front 2

--- Female Gametes ---
1) ***: mature "animal" gamete
2) ***: young mature gamete
3) ***: mature "lower plant/algae" gamete
4) ***: immature egg

Back 2

1) ovum
2) ovule
3) oosphere
4) oocyte

Front 3

ZP?

Back 3

Zona Pellucida

Front 4

A *** cell will differentiate autonomously ONLY when placed in a neutral environment.

Back 4

specified

Front 5

A *** cell will differentiate autonomously EVEN when placed in a different region of an embryo.

Back 5

determined

Front 6

Basic modes of commitment
Cell Specification Mechanisms
1) *** specification
2) *** specification
3) *** specification

Back 6

1) Autonomous specification
2) Conditional specification
3) Syncytial specification

Front 7

Vertebrate cell specification mechanism...

Back 7

Conditional

Front 8

Invertebrate cell specification mechanism...

Back 8

Autonomous

Front 9

Insect cell specification mechanism...

Back 9

Syncytial

Front 10

--- *** Specification ---
1) Morphogenetic Determinants: *** & *** found
2) in *** cytoplasm causing predetermined commitment.

Back 10

Autonomous
1) Proteins --- mRNA
2) ovum

Front 11

***: Mode of commitment involving interactions w/neighboring cells.

Back 11

Conditional Specification

Front 12

1) *** *** is the ability of EMBRYONIC cells to change cell fate to compensate
2) for missing parts... and is found in *** Specification.

Back 12

1) Regulative Development
2) Conditional

Front 13

Studies on Conditional Specification led to development of 4 techniques involved in experimental embryology...

Back 13

1) Defect Experiment
2) Isolation Experiment
3) Recombination Experiment
4) Transplantation Experiment

Front 14

*** Experiment: Portion of embryo destroyed.
Development of i*** embryo is observed.

Back 14

Defect
impaired

Front 15

*** Experiment - Portion of embryo removed.
Development of *** embryo & *** part observed.

Back 15

Isolation
partial -- isolated

Front 16

*** Experiment: Replace original embryonic part w/a part from different region. Observe embryo development.

Back 16

Recombination

Front 17

*** Experiment: Portion of embryo replaced w/portion from different embryo.

Back 17

Transplantation

Front 18

--- Sea Urchin Development ---
1) Studied using *** Experiment.
2) Development using *** Specification.
3) Cells studied are from *** *** region.

Back 18

1) Isolation
2) Conditional
3) Animal cap

Front 19

--- Sea Urchin Development ---
Skeletal mesoderm cells have *** influence on formation of new *** cells.

Back 19

restrictive
gut

Front 20

1) A morphogen specifies many cell types w/ a *** ***.
2) Diffusing from site of synthesis(***) to site of degradation(***).

Back 20

1) concentration gradient
2) source --- sink

Front 21

Morphogen gradients are responsible for *** in flatworms.... There are *** gradients.

Back 21

regeneration
two

Front 22

1) Middle section of flatworm cut too small results in...
2) Same section cut near head 1st... then tail... results in...

Back 22

1) two heads
2) one head, one tail

Front 23

The **** is used to explain how different tissues respond differently to same to morphogen gradient system.

Back 23

French Flag Analogy

Front 24

--- Frog EMBRYO Development ---
1) *** created by *** flatworms result in multi-legged adults.
2) Split limb disc w/barrier into 2 layers and...
3) *** is a morphogen is produced in the frog's *** hemisphere.

Back 24

1) Cysts - Trematode
2) two limbs form
3) Activin --- vegetal

Front 25

***: 'Grouping' of cells giving rise to a particular organ even when transplanted.

Back 25

Morphogenetic Field

Front 26

***: A group of cells whose position and fates are specified with respect to the same set of boundaries.

Back 26

Morphogenetic Field

Front 27

--- Morphogenetic Limb Field ---
***: Located in center of disc, normally giving rise to the limb.

Back 27

Free limb

Front 28

-- Syncytial Specifications ---
1) Prior to cellularization of ***!!!, specification
2) is being induced through *** between....
3) After cellularization, ***!!! takes over.

Back 28

1) blastoderm
2) interactions --- cytoplasmic regions
3) Conditional Specification

Front 29

--- *** Specification ---
Multinucleated Zygote undergoing karyokinesis... No cytokinesis.

Back 29

Syncytial

Front 30

1) Bicoid protein is highest at the *** end.
2) Caudal @ *** end.

Back 30

1) anterior
2) posterior

Front 31

Some embyros use all three commitment mechanisms... T/F

Back 31

True

Front 32

*** specification is a tile mosaic of independent self-differentiated parts.

Back 32

Autonomous

Front 33

1) Limb Field is composed of *** areas...
2) Consisting of these areas...

Back 33

1) four
2) Bottom, Center, Top, Surrounding

Front 34

--- Sea urchin - 16-cell embryo ---
1) Development of *** *** Region
2) *** *** cells: severely restricted forming ***
3) *** *** were: not restricted forming ***

Back 34

1) Animal Cap
2) Aggregated paired --- mesoderm
3) Isolated paired --- ectoderm and mesoderm

Front 35

--- *** Specification ---
Controlled by mRNA/proteins in egg.

Back 35

Autonomous

Front 36

--- *** Specification ---
Variable cleavage produces unique cell fates.

Back 36

Conditional

Front 37

--- *** Specification ---
Relative position of cells is important...

Back 37

Conditional

Front 38

--- *** Specification ---
Invariant cleavage produces identical uniform cell fates.

Back 38

Autonomous

Front 39

--- *** Specification ---
Cell type specification precedes cell migration.

Back 39

Autonomous

Front 40

--- *** Specification ---
Cell migration precedes or accompanies cell type specification.

Back 40

Conditional

Front 41

--- *** Specification ---
Variable cleavage produces no rigid cell fates for particular Nuclei.

Back 41

Syncytial

Front 42

*** is when embryonic cells altering their cell fate to compensate for missing part.

Back 42

Regulative Development

Front 43

--- Mollusc Trochoblast Cells ---
1) Cells always become *** because
2) they are governed by *** specification
3) through the direction of ***

Back 43

1) ciliated
2) autonomous specification
3) Morphogenetic Determinants

Front 44

--- Drosophila Development ---
1) Cells from MIDDLE of leg placed on tip of antennae form....
2) because the cell responded to...

Back 44

1) CLAW!!
2) its POSITION in gradient

Front 45

Morphogen MUST demonstate...
1) An ability to...
2) in a way that cell....

Back 45

1) act directly on cells
2) response varies with concentration

Front 46

Four techniques used in Experimental Embryology were developed during early studies on *** ***

Back 46

Conditional Specification