Jw Uhcl Developmental Biology Exam 2 Ch5

Front 1

*** is the process used to create multicellularity.

Back 1

Cleavage

Front 2

1) In most species(except ***), the initial rates of
2) *** cell division & placement is controlled
3) by *** proteins & mRNA.

Back 2

1) humans
2) blastomere
3) maternal

Front 3

--- Early cleavage stage --
1) Most species increase ***
2) Not ***.

Back 3

1) cell numbers
2) cell volume

Front 4

MPF?

Back 4

maturation-promoting factor
mitosis-promoting factor

Front 5

--- CDC2 Phosphorylase ---
1) CDC stands for *** *** ***. It is the *** subunit of the
2) *** and is responsible for the execution of ***. The other
3) subunit *** allows the three residues of CDC2 to be
4) modified w/P which controls MPF complex ***. Residue
5) *** must be Ped & residues *** and *** must be dePed.

Back 5

1) CELL DIVISION CYCLE --- catalytic
2) MPF complex --- mitotic (M) phase
3) CyclinB
4) activity
5) T-161 --- T-14 and Y-15

Front 6

--- 2nd *** division of frog oocyte ---
1) CSF???? freezes cell at *** by preventing
2) deactivation & degradation of *** keeping
3) *** active. During fertilization *** begins
4) when CSF is disabled by release of ***.

Back 6

--- meiosis ---
1) CSF(cytostatic factor) --- metaphase
2) cyclin
3) MPS --- cleavage
4) Ca++

Front 7

--- MPF Complex---
1) Composed of subunits *** and ***(***). It
2) has two states which are *** and ***. Its
3) biological function is to *** specific ***
4) causing *** and subsequently *** to ***!!!!!

Back 7

1) cyclinB --- cdc2/cdk1
2) Pre-MPF --- Active MPF
3) phosphorylate --- proteins
4) cell cleavage --- mitosis --- stop!!!

Front 8

--- MPF Complex---
1) Phosphorylation of Histone *** causes chromosomal ***. W/in
2) *** minutes of its introduction, three major *** nuclear ***
3) proteins are Ped causing their ***. Phosphorylation of ***
4) causes transcription inhibition during ***. P of *** causes
5) ATPase activity w/actin filaments involved w/ *** to ***.

Back 8

1) H1 --- condensation
2) 15 --- lamin --- envelope
3) disintegration --- RNA polymerase
4) mitosis --- myosin
5) cell cleavage *** STOP

Front 9

--- MPF phosphorlation of *** ---
This STOPS the ATPase activity driving actin filaments in cell division.

Back 9

myosin

Front 10

--- CyclinB Protein ---
1) Accumulate during ***.
2) Degraded during ***.

Back 10

1) S phase
2) mitosis

Front 11

If cyclin production is haulted, the cell will *** ***.

Back 11

not enter mitosis.

Front 12

S stage stands for...
During this stage....

Back 12

Synthesis
DNA replicates

Front 13

M stage stands for...
*** occurs during this stage....

Back 13

mitosis
nuclear & cellular division

Front 14

--- CDC25 phosphorylase ---
1) CDC stands for ***. During first nuclear cycles # - # this
2) protein is synthesized from *** *** *** and on cycle #
3) the mRNA is ***. During cycles # - # the *** complex is
4) *** at residues *** and ***. This creates high levels of
5) *** which allows for *** cell divisions.

Back 14

1) Cell Division Cycle --- 1-13
2) maternal string mRNA - 14
3) degraded --- 1-7 --- pre-MPF
4) dePed --- T14 and Y15
5) Active MPF --- fast

Front 15

1-letter code for...
Threonine?
Tyrosine?

Back 15

T
Y

Front 16

--- CDC2---
1) Highly *** Catalytic Subunit
2) Called *** in drosophilia
3) Called *** in humans
4) prefix *** can be added

Back 16

1) Conserved
2) CDK1
3) CDC2
4) p34

Front 17

The mitoses for divisions 14, 15, and 16 are triggered when *** is dePed.

Back 17

pre-MPF

Front 18

*** - Division of the nucleus via mitotic spindle w/tubulin
*** - Division of the cell via contractile ring w/actin

Back 18

Karyokinesis
Cytokinesis

Front 19

Tightening contractile ring forces splitting of zygote into ***.

Back 19

blastomeres

Front 20

*** is a CELL produced by division of the egg after fertilization.

Back 20

blastomere

Front 21

*** is the initial cell formed when two gamete cells join.

Back 21

zygote

Front 22

*** is an early phase early in development when the single-layered blastula is reorganized into the trilaminar gastrula.

Back 22

Gastrulation

Front 23

--- Stages of Zygote Development ---
1) Stage 1 - *** ball
2) Stage 2 - *** sphere
3) Stage 3 - tri*** cup

Back 23

1) morula --- solid ball
2) blastula --- hollow ball
3) gastrula --- trilaminar cup

Front 24

--- Holoblastic Cleavage ---
1) Holo?
2) Types?

Back 24

1) Whole
2) Isolecithal and Mesolecithal

Front 25

--- Meroblastic Cleavage ---
1) Mero?
2) Types?

Back 25

1) partial (part)
2) Telolecithal and Centrolecithal

Front 26

--- Greek ---
1) Iso?
2) Telo?
3) Lecithal?

Back 26

1) equal
2) end
3) lekithos = yolk

Front 27

--- Mesolecithal ---
1) Yolk distribution?
2) Cleavage Group?

Back 27

1) moderate amount --- slight gradient
2) Holoblastic

Front 28

--- Isolecithal ---
1) Yolk distribution?
2) Cleavage Group?

Back 28

1) sparse --- even
2) Holoblastic

Front 29

--- Centrolecithal ---
1) Yolk distribution?
2) Cleavage Group?

Back 29

1) centrally
2) Meroblastic (partial)

Front 30

***: Movement of epithelial sheets over other cells during gastrulation.

Back 30

Epiboly

Front 31

***: Infolding of a region of cells during gastrulation.

Back 31

Invagination

Front 32

***: Inward turning of expanding outer layer cells during gastrulation.

Back 32

Involution

Front 33

***: Migration of individual cells into cell interior during gastrulation.

Back 33

Ingression

Front 34

***: Splitting/migration of one cellular sheet into two parallel sheets during gastrulation.

Back 34

Delamination

Front 35

Dorsal --- Ventral
Anterior --- Posterior

Back 35

Back --- Stomach
Nose --- Tail

Front 36

Sagittal Plane?
Transverse Plane?

Back 36

Short - Back to Stomach
Long - Nose to Tail

Front 37

--- Types of *** Cleavage ---
Radial
Spiral
Bilateral
Rotational

Back 37

Holoblastic

Front 38

1) ***: The fluid-filled cavity of a blastula.
2) Greek - Blast?

Back 38

1) Blastocoel
2) germinator

Front 39

Blastocoel formation...
Early stage: *** Layer
Later stage: Blastocoel ***

Back 39

Hyaline
Pressure

Front 40

--- Micromeres ---
1) Induces *** formation. The protein
2) *** accumulates in micromeres and specifies
3) the *** half of embryo. The degradation of this
4) protein is prevented by *** in the *** pathway.

Back 40

1) archenteron
2) Beta-catenin
3) vegetal
4) disheveled --- WNT

Front 41

Double negative and *** forward *** are two "logic circuits' for gene expression.

Back 41

feed forward process

Front 42

Primary mesenchyme *** into skeletogenic mesenchyme... heavy concentration of ECM around them.

Back 42

ingress

Front 43

Proteins important for migration...
1) ***
2) Sulfated ***
3) EXM proteins ***

Back 43

1) Fibronectin
2) proteoglycans
3) ECM18

Front 44

Long, thin *** extend from the gastrula sense environment and *** cell movement... not used for locomotion.

Back 44

filipodia
direct

Front 45

The hyaline layer involved in archenteron invagination is made up of
1) Outer *** layer
2) Inner *** protein layer

Back 45

hyaline
fibropellin

Front 46

--- Deuterostome ---
1) Greek?
2) Extending archenteron touches wall creates ***
3) Blastopore becomes the ***.

Back 46

1) second mouth
2) mouth
3) anus

Front 47

--- Spiral Holoblastic Cleavage ---
1) Found in *** and *** giving them *** cell fates.
2) Fewer *** before gastrulation making *** visible.
3) Blastula stage is called *** because it...

Back 47

1) Worm --- Mullusc --- identical
2) cell divisions --- cell fates
3) stereoblastulae --- lacks a blastocoel

Front 48

--- Spiral Holoblastic Cleavage ---
1) Cleavage angles are ***.
2) More cell contact area than in *** cleavage
3) making its packing more *** stable.

Back 48

1) oblique
2) radial
3) thermodynamically

Front 49

-- Snail Shell Coiling ---
1) Determined by *** *** present in the
2) *** and derived from maternal ***.
3) These control orientation of *** plane
4) and its ***. The dominant genotype is ***.

Back 49

1) Morphogenetic Determinants
2) oocyte --- genotype
3) cleavage
4) spindles --- right-handed

Front 50

--- *** *** Cleavage ---
1st cleavage determines only
plane of symmetry... *** and ***

Back 50

Bilateral Holoblastic Cleavage
left and right

Front 51

***: Large cell-like structure filled with cytoplasm and containing many nuclei.

Back 51

Syncytium

Front 52

*** is when a cell separates chromosomes into two separate nuclei.

Back 52

Mitosis

Front 53

*** is cell division necessary for sexual reproduction.

Back 53

Meiosis

Front 54

Cyclin***/cdk*** is critical for entry into mitosis.
Cyclin***/cdk*** is critical for entry into S phase.

Back 54

cyclinE/cdk2
cyclinB/cdk1

Front 55

--- Archenteron Invagination ---
1) Starts in the *** plate where cells are bound to each other
2) and the *** layer. The *** layer begins to swell because
3) cells begin secreting *** *** into it causing water influx.

Back 55

1) vegetal
2) hyaline --- inner
3) chondroitin sulfate

Front 56

1) During nuclear cycles 8-13 ***
2) begins to be degraded at ***
3) causing fluctuations in Active MPF.

Back 56

1) cyclin
2) metaphase