Juvenile Justice Exam 1

Front 1

What is referred to the court acting in the best interest of the child?

Back 1

Parens patriae

Front 2

What are offenses that are only applicable to children?

Back 2

Status offenses

Front 3

What is the minimum age of juvenile jurisdiction in Texas?

Back 3

10

Front 4

What is the goal of current reform in the U.S.?

Back 4

Deincarceration- choosing community based alternatives over the commitment of youth

Front 5

What are the historical themes of juvenile justice?

Back 5

-Discovering the Child
-Increased Authority of the State
-Reform and Retrenchment
-Get-tough and Go-Soft Approaches
-Threat of the Dangerous Poor
-The Unsolvable Nature of Youth Crime

Front 6

What are the most widely held philosophies to juvenile justice?

Back 6

-The Treatment Model (or Medical Model)
-The Justice Model
-The Crime Control Model
-The Balanced and Restorative Justice Model

Front 7

What model is an attempt to rehabilitate the youthful offenders. This model proposes that juveniles should be treated by specialists for those factors that caused them to commit offenses?

Back 7

The Treatment Model

Front 8

What is a model that supposes that both juvenile and adult offenders are volitional and responsible human beings and deserve to be punished proportionally to the seriousness of their offenses if they violate the law?

Back 8

The Justice Model

Front 9

What is a model that assumes that offenders have free will and should be punished with harsh penalties, such as long prison sentences, to protect society?

Back 9

The Crime Control Model

Front 10

What model ensures resources are allocated equally among efforts to ensure accountability to crime victims, to increase competency in offenders and to enhance community safety?

Back 10

The Balanced and Restorative Justice Model

Front 11

What are the most widely used methods of measurement in juvenile justice?

Back 11

-Uniform Crime Report (UCR)
-National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)
-Self Report Surveys

Front 12

What are some alternative methods of measurement in juvenile justice?

Back 12

-Cohort Research
-Experimental Research
-Observational and Interview Research

Front 13

What are the pro's of national level data?

Back 13

-UCR
City, county, state, university/college
Part I (violent & property) & Part II Offenses
Categorical reporting
-NCVS
Includes crime incidents, victims involved, and trends affecting victims
Addresses dark figure of crime
-Self-Report Surveys
Includes unrecorded crimes

Front 14

What are the con's of national level data?

Back 14

-UCR
Dark figure of crime
No information about victim
Manipulation of information
-NCVS
Does not report homicide, kidnappings, victimless crimes, or commercial robbery and burglaries
-Self-Report Surveys
Relies heavily on the honesty of offenders
Omits offenders who refuse or are unable to participate

Front 15

What factors shape delinquency?

Back 15

-Population Make-Up, -Economy and Jobs, -Social Problems, -Abortion, -Immigration, -Guns, -Gangs, -Drug Use, -Media, -Juvenile Justice Policy

Front 16

What are the major correlates of delinquency?

Back 16

-Time and Place
-Gender
-Race:
Bias effects (Racial Threat Thesis)
Race matters
-Social Class
-Age:
Aging Out
Age of Onset

Front 17

What factors contribute to the desistance of delinquency?

Back 17

-Growing older & facing the future
-Ability to resist instant gratification
-Maturation & responsibilities
-Change in personalities
-More likely to weigh consequences
-Changes in human biology

Front 18

What is theory and why is it important when studying delinquency?

Back 18

Theory considers the social factors (x leads to the y)

Front 19

What is the difference between positivism and the classical school of criminology?

Back 19

-Classical School of Criminology
Rational Choice
Routine Activities
-Positivism
Biological Positivism
Psychological Positivism
Social Positivism

Front 20

Classical Criminology: Which forefather wrote Crimes on Punishment (1763), and believed in certainty, severity, and celerity?

Back 20

Cesare Beccaria

Front 21

Classical Criminology: Which forefather wrote an Introduction to the Principles of Morals & Legislation (1780), and believed in prevention, deterrence, proportionality, and utilitarianism?

Back 21

Jeremy Bentham

Front 22

What are the main tenets of Classical School of Criminology?

Back 22

-Free Will
-Utilitarianism
-Felicific Calculus
-Deterrence
-Proportionality
-Equal Justice
-Judgment by law

Front 23

What are some factors to consider with the Classical School of Criminology?

Back 23

-Informal sanctions
-Immediate gratification v. short punishment
-High risk offenders (present-oriented)
-Under the influence offenders
-Co-offending

Front 24

What are the main tenets of Positivism?

Back 24

-Character/personal background factor in
-The existence of determinism
-Explanation through micro/macro factors

Front 25

Biological Positivism: Who believed in "born" criminals or atavistic?

Back 25

Cesare Lombroso

Front 26

What theoretical debate will forever be ongoing?

Back 26

Nature v Nurture Theory

Front 27

What is the the view that intelligence is inherited and is a function of genetic makeup?

Back 27

Nature Theory

Front 28

What is the view that intelligence is determined by environmental stimulation and socialization?

Back 28

Nurture Theory

Front 29

What are the best methods for studying genetics and delinquency?

Back 29

-Researching Genetic Disposition to Crime
Parental Deviance
Twin Studies
Adoption Studies
-Is there a Crime Gene?
No. The XYY gene is the closest to it

Front 30

What holds that youths will engage in delinquent and criminal behavior after weighing the consequences and benefits of their actions. Delinquent behavior is a rational choice made by a motivated offender who perceives that the chances of gain outweigh any possible punishment or loss?

Back 30

Rational Choice Theory

Front 31

What is the view that crime is a normal function of the routine activities of modern living. Offenses can be expected if there is a motivated offender and a suitable target that is not protected by capable guardians?

Back 31

Routine Activities Theory

Front 32

What is the view that delinquent behavior is controlled by a “master trait,” present at birth or soon after, that remains stable and unchanging throughout a person’s lifetime; created by Cesare Lombroso?

Back 32

Latent Trait Theory

Front 33

Which theory is being described:
-Personality made of 3 components
-Passage through 3 psychosexual stages
-Traits are developed in early childhood
-Created by Sigmund Freud

Back 33

Psychoanalytic Theory

Front 34

In correlation to the psychoanalytic theory, what are the four explanations of delinquency?

Back 34

-Neurotic Development
-Defective Superego
-Overly Developed Superego
-Deprivation of Development

Front 35

What theory created by Shaw &McKay described neighborhood or area marked by culture conflict, lack of cohesiveness, a transient population, and in-sufficient social organizations. These problems are reflected in the problems at schools in these areas?

Back 35

Social Disorganization Theory

Front 36

According to social disorganization theory, what are some influential factors of delinquency?

Back 36

Transitional Neighborhoods
-Cultural Transmission
-Social Control
-Relative Deprivation
-Community Change (e.g., gentrificaton)
-Community Fear
-Poverty Concentration
Collective Efficacy

Front 37

According to who, is normlessness produced by rapidly shifting moral values; anomie occurs when personal goals cannot be achieved using available means?

Back 37

Robert Merton (Anomie)

Front 38

According to who, thinks links delinquency to the strain of being locked out of the economic mainstream, which creates the anger and frustration that lead to delinquent acts?

Back 38

Robert Agnew (General Strain Theory)

Front 39

What theory states that intergroup conflict, born out of the unequal distribution of wealth and power, is the root cause of delinquency?

Back 39

Racial Threat Theory

Front 40

What theory created by Edwin Sutherland states that children are exposed to pro-social and antisocial attitudes and behaviors by those around them (e.g., family or friends); these behaviors and attitudes can be pro-delinquent as well as conventional?

Back 40

Differential Association Theory

Front 41

What theory states delinquency results from a weakened commitment to the major social institutions (family, peers, and school); lack of such commitment allows youths to exercise antisocial behavior choices?

Back 41

Social Control Theory

Front 42

According to Travis Hirschi what are the four main elements to social bond?

Back 42

• Attachment to parents, peers, and schools
• Commitment to the pursuit of conventional activities, such as getting an education and saving for the future
• Involvement in conventional activities, such as school, sports, or religion
• Belief in values, such as sensitivity to the rights of others and respect for the legal code

Front 43

What is a developmental theory that modifies social control theory by integrating concepts from biosocial, psychological, routine activities, and rational choice theories; includes impulsivity and low self-control?

Back 43

General Theory of Crime (Michael Gottfredson and Travis Hirschi)

Front 44

What theory asserts that females are less delinquent than males because their social roles provide them with fewer opportunities to commit crimes; as their roles of girls and women become more similar to those of boys and men, so to will their crime patterns?

Back 44

Liberal Feminist Theory

Front 45

What theory holds that gender inequality stems from the unequal power of men and women and the subsequent exploitation of women by men; the cause of female delinquency originates with the onset of male supremacy and the efforts of males to control females' sexuality?

Back 45

Critical Feminist Theory