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53 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
antisocial personality
the set of characteristics that describe a person's deviant beliefs, deviant ways of thinking, deviant motivations, and antisocial behaviors
behavioral theory
theory suggesting that behavior refleccts our interactions with others throughout our lifetime
comorbidity
the co-occurrence of two or more disorders
conduct disorder (CD)
a repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior in which the basic rights of others or major age-appropriate societal norms or rules are violated
direct aggression
aggression that is typically physical and overt; it includes behaviors such as hitting, kicking, punching, and biting
egocentric bias
a condition in which the primary motivation of thought and behavior is related to satisfying one's self-interest
etiological
relating to the cause of a behavior
five factor model of personality
the major model of personality, in which the determinants of personality include neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experiences, agreeablesness, and conscientiousness
indirect aggression
aggression that is usually verbal and covert; it includes actions such as gossiping and ostracism
moral disengagement
an individual's tendency to use mechanisms conductive to a selective disengagement from moral censure
morality of constraint
in Piaget's theory, the stage of development where children think rigidly about moral concepts and believe that people who break rules must be punished
morality of cooperation
in Piaget's theory, the stage of development where children employ greater moral flexibility and learn that there are no absolute moral standards about behavior
oppositional defiant disorder (ODD)
a clinical disorder characterized by a pattern of negativistic, hostile, and defiant behavior
personality
the set of characteristics that describe a person's beliefs, ways of thinking, motivations, and behaviors
proactive aggression
aggression that includes a premeditated means of obtaining some instrumental goal in addition to harming the victim
prodrome
a precursor of early symptoms; a warning sign of another disease or disorder
psychodynamic theory
theory stating that unconscious mental processes that develop in early childhood control an individual's personality
psychopathology
the set of behaviors and attitudes that show clinical evidence of a psychological impairment
psychopathy
a personality disorder that impairs interpersonal, affective, and behavioral functions and is closely linked to serious antisocial behavior
reactive aggression
aggression that is impulsive, thoughtless or unplanned, driven by anger, and occurring as a reaction to some perceived provocation
social cognition
a discipline that focuses on how people perceive, think, learn, and come to behave in particular ways as a result of the interactions with their social world. The social world includes observations of and participation in real social interactions, such as with parents and peers, and fictional social interactions, such as with the media
sociopath
a person who shows psychopathic characteristics that are largely the result of early life abuse and neglect
atavistic beings
the idea that criminals are a throwback to a more primitive stage of development
choice theories
theories that frame delinquency as the outcome of rational thought
classical school
a school of thought that blames delinquency on the choices people make
determinate sentence
a prison sentence of a fixed amount of time, such as 5 years
dizygotic twins (DZ)
fraternal twins who develop from two eggs fertilized at the same time
evolutionary psychology
a branch of psychology that examines the ways that evolutionary forces shape patterns of human cognition and behavior
free will
the idea that people can and do choose one course of action over another
positive school
a school of thought that blames delinquency on factors that are in place before a crime is committed
rational choice theory
theory suggesting that delinquents are rational people who make calculated choices regarding what they are going to do before they act
retribution
a punishment philosophy based on society's moral outrage or disapproval of a crime
routine activities theory
theory arguing that motivated offenders, suitable targets, and absence of capable guardians produce delinquency
somatotype
the idea that criminals can be identified by physical appearance
stigmata
distinctive physical features of born criminals
theory
an integrated set of ideas that explains and predicts a phenomenon
utilitarian principles
a set of ideas that assume behavior is calculated and that people gather and make sense of information before they act
utilitarian punishment model
the idea that offenders must be punished to protect society
anomie
normlessness leading to social disorginization
bond
the glue that connects a child to society
collective efficacy
mutual trust among neighbors, combined with willingness to intervene on behalf of the common good - specifically, to supervise children and maintain public order
cultural transmission
the process through which criminal values are transmitted from one generation to the next
differential social organization
neighborhoods are differentially organized based on a combination of prosocial and antisocial characteristics
ecological fallacy
an error that occurs when neighborhood-level data are used to draw conclusions about individual residents
ecological-transactional model of community violence
Cicchetti and Lynch's theory, which suggests that broad exposure to violence in the community stresses the ability of parents to protect their children from the pernicious effects of violence
focal concerns
the primary values that monopolize lower-class consciousness
maturational reform
the idea that nearly all children who participate in delinquency reduce or stop such activity as they grow older
middle-class measuring rod
the standards used by teachers to assign status to students
personal competence
the combination of generally high individual levels of self-esteem, self-efficacy, perceived popularity with peers, school attachment, future educational expectations, and perceived future opportunities in life
Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods
a study designed to investigate the development of delinquency and violence in children and adolescents; it has yielded primary data for examinations of collective efficacy
prosocial behavior
the combination of behaviors such as good grades and involvement in sports, religious, and family activities
prosocial competence
the combination of generally high individual levels of personal efficacy, educational expectations, grades, committment to conventionality, and involvement in conventional activity
techniques of neutralization
rationalizations used to justify delinquent activities