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53 Cards in this Set
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antisocial personality
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the set of characteristics that describe a person's deviant beliefs, deviant ways of thinking, deviant motivations, and antisocial behaviors
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behavioral theory
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theory suggesting that behavior refleccts our interactions with others throughout our lifetime
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comorbidity
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the co-occurrence of two or more disorders
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conduct disorder (CD)
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a repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior in which the basic rights of others or major age-appropriate societal norms or rules are violated
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direct aggression
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aggression that is typically physical and overt; it includes behaviors such as hitting, kicking, punching, and biting
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egocentric bias
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a condition in which the primary motivation of thought and behavior is related to satisfying one's self-interest
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etiological
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relating to the cause of a behavior
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five factor model of personality
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the major model of personality, in which the determinants of personality include neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experiences, agreeablesness, and conscientiousness
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indirect aggression
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aggression that is usually verbal and covert; it includes actions such as gossiping and ostracism
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moral disengagement
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an individual's tendency to use mechanisms conductive to a selective disengagement from moral censure
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morality of constraint
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in Piaget's theory, the stage of development where children think rigidly about moral concepts and believe that people who break rules must be punished
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morality of cooperation
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in Piaget's theory, the stage of development where children employ greater moral flexibility and learn that there are no absolute moral standards about behavior
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oppositional defiant disorder (ODD)
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a clinical disorder characterized by a pattern of negativistic, hostile, and defiant behavior
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personality
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the set of characteristics that describe a person's beliefs, ways of thinking, motivations, and behaviors
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proactive aggression
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aggression that includes a premeditated means of obtaining some instrumental goal in addition to harming the victim
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prodrome
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a precursor of early symptoms; a warning sign of another disease or disorder
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psychodynamic theory
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theory stating that unconscious mental processes that develop in early childhood control an individual's personality
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psychopathology
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the set of behaviors and attitudes that show clinical evidence of a psychological impairment
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psychopathy
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a personality disorder that impairs interpersonal, affective, and behavioral functions and is closely linked to serious antisocial behavior
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reactive aggression
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aggression that is impulsive, thoughtless or unplanned, driven by anger, and occurring as a reaction to some perceived provocation
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social cognition
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a discipline that focuses on how people perceive, think, learn, and come to behave in particular ways as a result of the interactions with their social world. The social world includes observations of and participation in real social interactions, such as with parents and peers, and fictional social interactions, such as with the media
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sociopath
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a person who shows psychopathic characteristics that are largely the result of early life abuse and neglect
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atavistic beings
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the idea that criminals are a throwback to a more primitive stage of development
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choice theories
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theories that frame delinquency as the outcome of rational thought
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classical school
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a school of thought that blames delinquency on the choices people make
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determinate sentence
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a prison sentence of a fixed amount of time, such as 5 years
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dizygotic twins (DZ)
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fraternal twins who develop from two eggs fertilized at the same time
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evolutionary psychology
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a branch of psychology that examines the ways that evolutionary forces shape patterns of human cognition and behavior
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free will
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the idea that people can and do choose one course of action over another
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positive school
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a school of thought that blames delinquency on factors that are in place before a crime is committed
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rational choice theory
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theory suggesting that delinquents are rational people who make calculated choices regarding what they are going to do before they act
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retribution
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a punishment philosophy based on society's moral outrage or disapproval of a crime
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routine activities theory
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theory arguing that motivated offenders, suitable targets, and absence of capable guardians produce delinquency
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somatotype
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the idea that criminals can be identified by physical appearance
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stigmata
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distinctive physical features of born criminals
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theory
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an integrated set of ideas that explains and predicts a phenomenon
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utilitarian principles
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a set of ideas that assume behavior is calculated and that people gather and make sense of information before they act
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utilitarian punishment model
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the idea that offenders must be punished to protect society
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anomie
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normlessness leading to social disorginization
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bond
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the glue that connects a child to society
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collective efficacy
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mutual trust among neighbors, combined with willingness to intervene on behalf of the common good - specifically, to supervise children and maintain public order
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cultural transmission
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the process through which criminal values are transmitted from one generation to the next
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differential social organization
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neighborhoods are differentially organized based on a combination of prosocial and antisocial characteristics
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ecological fallacy
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an error that occurs when neighborhood-level data are used to draw conclusions about individual residents
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ecological-transactional model of community violence
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Cicchetti and Lynch's theory, which suggests that broad exposure to violence in the community stresses the ability of parents to protect their children from the pernicious effects of violence
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focal concerns
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the primary values that monopolize lower-class consciousness
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maturational reform
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the idea that nearly all children who participate in delinquency reduce or stop such activity as they grow older
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middle-class measuring rod
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the standards used by teachers to assign status to students
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personal competence
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the combination of generally high individual levels of self-esteem, self-efficacy, perceived popularity with peers, school attachment, future educational expectations, and perceived future opportunities in life
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Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods
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a study designed to investigate the development of delinquency and violence in children and adolescents; it has yielded primary data for examinations of collective efficacy
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prosocial behavior
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the combination of behaviors such as good grades and involvement in sports, religious, and family activities
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prosocial competence
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the combination of generally high individual levels of personal efficacy, educational expectations, grades, committment to conventionality, and involvement in conventional activity
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techniques of neutralization
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rationalizations used to justify delinquent activities
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