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78 Cards in this Set
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- Back
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Child vs Adult
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Adulthood reached until after the onset of puberty, when expectations of work, marriage, and other “adult” activities were assumed; a man or woman who was physically developed and had reached mature size and strength.
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Industrialization: Child labor laws
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In the 19th century: the mechanization of factory production, rapid urbanization, and mass migration of rural people into large cities
Children, especially those of immigrants and the poor, became cheap factory wrkrs Until the cruelty of child labor was made public. Near end of 19th century, child labor laws legislated to protect youths from exploitation: |
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Child Stubborn Act
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Mass-1641-first state to make it ok to discipline children for bad behavior.
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Adolescence:
Sociocultural |
Concept was socially created to describe period of life between childhood and adulthood. Not considered a child, but not fully considered adult
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Juvenile:
Denotes a legal concept |
Term started when states passed laws of the legal age for adulthood. Juvenile is a person under the legal age of majority— (18 in most states) no longer considered a minor and now entering adult-hood. Broader age range than adolescence, generally considered to begin at onset of puberty. Most violation in juvenile courts occur during adolescence.
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*Defining Juvenile Delinquency:
Sociological Perspective & Dramaturgical Analysis (all 3 vital parts must be present to fully describe j.d.) |
1. Legal definition. Emphasis is almost entirely on the act, the norm-violating behavior that is legally classified as juvenile delinquency. 2. Role definition. Focus is primarily on the actor, the juvenile whose role performance is identified as delinquent. 3. Societal response definition. Approach concentrates more on the audience, members of the social group or society that reacts to the actor and the act and determines whether delinquency has been committed and if offender is a juvenile delinquent.
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*Definitions vary based on emphasis or approach, according to the academic background, specialty, or interest of their originators.
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Aging-Out Process
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After certain pint, juv delinquency starts to fade away.
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Juvenile Delinquency: legal def. used within juv. court system
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Any act that, if committed by an adult, would be a crime. Which are reflected in codified criminal statutes of federal, state, and local govn'ts. Juvenile and adult violators may expect serious sanctions or penalties.
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Minors are presumed to lack maturity needed for full legal respon. Cases are normally processed through juvenile court where penalties usually less severe than adult criminal court.
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Status offenses
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If appears to conflict w/best interests of a given community or the youth in question: school truancy, running away from home, or the consumption of alcohol aren't illegal if done by adults but prohibited for juveniles (illegality is based on age status of offender.)
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Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Act of 1974
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Withheld federal funds for delinquency prevention from states that “place in detention or correctional facilities children who are charged with offenses that wouldn't be criminal if committed by adults”
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Role Definition
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According to this definition, juv. delinquent is the individual who sustains a pattern of delinquency over a long period of time, and life and identity are organized around a pattern of deviant behavior.
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Ascribed status
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A status position or level of prestige assigned (usually at birth) to an individual based on certain social criteria such as race, sex, and parents’ social status.
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Societal Response Definition
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In order for an act and/ or an actor to be defined as deviant or delinquent, an audience must decide on it.
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Problems: adapation, flexibility and perception of society's norms, values and customs
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Audience
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The social group or society to which the actor belongs or aspires to belong.
Significant and representative members: parents, teachers, neighbors, police officers, or others who have knowledge/witnessed the act and makes the societal determination if deviant |
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Sociology
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Systematic and scientific study of human behavior, social groups, and society based on the Sociological Perspective
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Sociological Perspective
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Viewpoint/approach holds that human behavior is a social act that can be traced to powerful forces in social environ. surrounding each actor.
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Social Interaction:
Symbolic Isolation |
The normal development of human nature and personality that's dependent on prolonged and positive interaction
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A desolate alienation from parents and other adults who do not understand them. This barrier to meaningful communication and social interaction between the generations has been cited as a seedbed for serious deviance and delinquency
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Social Interdependence
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Collaborating w/others expands intellectual and technological resources for personal/ collective survival. Improves ability to pass on skills to future generations.
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Prescriptive
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they "prescribe” certain kinds of behavior as acceptable or desirable
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proscriptive
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proscriptive— that is, they prohibit certain kinds of behavior as unacceptable to society—
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Social Contract:
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Voluntary abdication of a measure of personal autonomy and submission to group norms in exchange for security supplied by a dominant power
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Source of Norms oversees social consensus which governs what the social contract is
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Mores
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Important/seriously enforced norms necessary for cohesion/survival of society.
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Using the Sociological Perspective
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An ability to explore the factors and variables in the social background of individual/group that might be related to behavior.
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Finding out social origins of misbehavior is not an excuse/justification for the offender. It's an awareness of possible causal linkages between person’s social environment and their illegal conduct should enhance the remedial/rehabilitative work for juv. delinquents in the US
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Social
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teenagers especially, appear to find security and identity in the company of other youths. Studies of juvenile delinquency indicate that most illegal acts are committed in small groups.
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Proscriptive
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They prohibit certain kinds of behavior as unacceptable to society
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Laws
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Formal norms that defines violations as criminal behavior and sets method and degree of punishment.
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Source of Norms:
Social Conflict & Social Consensus |
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Voluntarily giving up one's personal independence and complying to society's norms in exchange for security by gov't
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Deviant behavior
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Conduct perceived by others as violating norms of society.
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Socialization
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The effective transmission and internalization of culture content.
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Society's tolerance of deviant behavior
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Nature of offense, Social status, Cultural relativity to that deviant behavior, and a previous tolerance of a behavior that would be considered deviant today.
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Negative Aspects of Deviance
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Personal Harm to Victims, Personal Harm to Deviants. Threatening of Norms, Costs, Social Disruptions,Threatening of Social Order, Self- Perpetuation,
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Positive Aspects of Deviance
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Reaffirmation of Norms, Unity on Behalf of the Deviant, Social Solidarity, Contrast Effect, Safety Valve, Leadership, Social Cultural, Warning Device, Variety and Excitement.
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Problems w/Juvenile Delinquency Data
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Most research is based on info collected by law enforce. of known offenders, limited info of offenses and traits of those not apprehended, using representative sampling
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Parents Patrale
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State decides punishment.
What's in the kids best interest? |
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Validity:
General Principle of Research |
When it measures what it's supposed to measure.
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truancy, homicide, unreported crimes, or any other statistical dimension of juvenile delinquency.
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Reliability:
General Principle of Research |
When the measure yields same results every time it's tested.
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truancy, homicide, unreported crimes, or any other statistical dimension of juvenile delinquency.
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Uniform Crime Reporting Program- FBI
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Division of data: under 18 &18 and over (plus othr age divisions) to separate juvenile delinquency from adult crime.
1. Measure extent, fluctuation, distribution, and nature of serious crime in the U.S. 2. Measure total volume of serious crime known to the police. 3. Show activity and coverage of law enforcement agencies through arrest counts and police employee strength data. |
Because of seriousness, frequency of occurrence, and likelihood of being reported to police, 8 crime categories: Index Offenses. Useful for charting & analyzing changes in volume of crime in the various and most serious forms each year
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Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.
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Racial Group
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Applies to minorities, and corresponding majorities, that are classified according to obvious physical differences: skin color, facial features, and hair color and texture.
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Most prominent aspect of deviance or delinquency is the involvement of other people.
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Most juvenile delinquency trivial forms of deviance.
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Eiology
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Study of the causes of an event, phenomenon, or behaviors.
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Theory
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A general statement that Accurately relates cause & effect variables to explain events or behavior.
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Systematic and controlled observations, data collection, and testing of hypotheses result in valid and reliable findings that are stated in a theoretical explanation of what has occurred
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Causation of J Delinq.
*All 3 conditions must be met |
1.) Cause must precede the effect
*The presence of adult criminals (causal independent variable) existed before the delinquent behavior started (affected or dependent variable) |
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There is linkage of youth misconduct to the home, family, neighborhood, school, peer group, and other variables found in their social environ..
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2.) If causation exists, a change in the ind. variable affects the dep. variable.
3.) Researchers have to rule out the influence of other possible ind. variables. And analyze effects of each possible ind variable, keeping constant all other possible ind. variables. |
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Macro
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Examines broader social structures and society as a whole.
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Social structure
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The way society is put together: institutional arrangements and functions, social hierarchy and their relations to one another.
*Some crime/delinquency is traced to weakness/conflicts in social structure. |
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Social process
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refers to the dynamic interaction between and among individuals and groups as they relate to peers, family, school, and other social institutions and agencies.
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Social Strain Theories:
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Theories based on the belief that deviant behavior is caused by social trajedies, confusion or disruption.
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Concentric Zone
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A by-product of the environ.
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Innovation
(Merton's Social Strain Theory of Anomie) |
People who lack means to achieve goals become dissatisfied, frustrated, and anomic and resort to innovative, norm violating behavior to achieve them.
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Classical School of Criminological Thought: Free will
(1700s-1800s) |
Assumption that humans are rational reasoning including their actions & destinies.Therefore, they have total responsibility over themselves.
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Problems: overlooks influences by society in shaping human behavior, including criminality.
Levels of poverty, alienation, social status, etc must be taken into account. |
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Positive School of Criminology: Free will doesn't exist
(*1800s-1900s) |
A person is born with an innate propensity toward certain forms of behavior.
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Problems: weaknesses of descriptive data, broad generalizations,
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Atavism
(Positive School of Criminology) |
A dual manifestation of a criminal who from birth mimics a savage belonging to lowest phase of human evolution, a biological and social misfits w/extensive behavioral restrictions.
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*Psychogenic Perspective
*"What causes delinquency?" |
Applies a medical model; views crime & delinquency as physical or mental physical illness - w/identifiable symptoms that need diagnosis & treatment.
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Socialization
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All behaviors - attitudes, values, beliefs, and norms are socially learned
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Juv. delinq. is a pattern of learned behav. that is taught through social interaction w/family, peer group, & other soc. agents.
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*Differential Association Theory-Micro:
"Social Learning Theories" *(How's and Why of j.d. behavior) |
Most criminal/ delinquent/learned behavior is through interactions in environ.
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Problems: Unable to measure the amount of influence.
Fails to explain/represent a kid being easily swayed to do wrong. |
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Primary Social Agents
(Social Learning Theories) |
1.) Family: earliest influence/most dramatic; if parents don't engage w/children they'll be pulled in by peers.
2.) Peer grp: age cohorts that provide clear msg of loyalty; intro to many things families don't; most peers will be similar than not. 3.) school: degree is needed for a higher-paying job. teachers tend to focus on proficient students 4.) Media: Least important;no real cause & effects on kids. |
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Social Promotion
(Social Learning Theories) |
Holding back a child in grade-school will lead to deeper more complicated issues
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Self-fulfilling prophecy
(Labeling Theory) |
Once we become attached to a label, we start to act/identify ourselves as such.
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Symbolic Interaction-
Micro |
The capability of communication w/symbols instead of words. To use & understand, we must look at socialization
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Reaction Theory
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The reaction of the audience
There are no right/wrong acts |
Doesn't specify how much of a label constitutes being perceived as something stigmatized by the ind. or society.
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Stigma Management
(Reaction Theory) |
Pppl who also have been stigmatized due to their labeling by society, usually identify to one another and help neutralize the stigma.
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Racial Profiling
(Reaction Theory) |
Some do get stuck w/negative label that was once placed on them.
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Social Conflict Theory -
Macro (Reaction Theory) |
How society is built and how people at the top of the hierarchy define the social roles. We are easily persuaded by those in the social class
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Model creates an illusion.
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Primary Deviation
(Labeling Theory) |
Occurs when an individual commits a deviant act/s
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Secondary Deviation
(Labeling Theory) |
Occurs when an individual’s self- concept is altered and they begin behaving according to the deviant role
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Rational Choice
(Classical School of Crim) |
The belief that individuals logically weigh the pros & cons before committing deviant act.
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Master Status
(Labeling Theory) |
A status that overlooks other characteristics that might contradict it.
*Societal perception of an act as deviant can impose a generalized deviant role to an individual. |
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Developmental process
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characteristics determine the path of ind: susceptibility and vulnerability, and ways other actors respond to it
1. Access 2. Experimentation Than, subtle changes in ind. attitudes, perspectives, behaviors 3. Continue usage/pattern |
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Stigma
(Labeling Theory) |
A mark of social disgrace. Some labels are stigmatized. PPL start to adjust their behaviors around a stigmatized person and sometimes ostracize themselves from them.
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Social Conflict theory - Macro
(Radical Theories) |
The origin of prevailing social norms traced to the capitalist class to control and exploit the less- powerful working classes.
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Self-Report Surveys - Unofficial Data
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Researchers draw samples of various pop and inquire through survey quest./interviews about previous delinq. behavior. Aimed at adoles/young adults not identified by L.E juv. offenders, designed to reveal/measure unreported delinq.
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Can be expensive and time- consuming
Based on these, JD more common and widespread than official stats reveal. |
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Victimization Surveys
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Studies focus on victims & memories of crimes, circumstances, offenders. Some variables included are approximate age, sex, race, etc of assailants/victims, relations between victim/offender, types of crime, circumstances of crime.
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Ability to explore/estimate extent of unreported crimes, since victims are allowed to respond anonymously. Can reveal magnitude/trends of crimes
Problems: judgment could be faulty and distorted, only studies personal contact crimes, serious crimes are excluded from these surveys |
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Deterrence Theory
(Classical School of Crim) |
1) Right/wrong - Legal/illegal
2. Punishment should be enough to prevent delinq. *Believes prompt punishment will discourage juvenile/adult offenders from repeating illegal conduct. |
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Psychiatry
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Medical specialty concerned w/diagnosis, treatment, prevention of abnormal behavior.
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Rational Choice
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The process of weighing the cost/benefit analysis
Subjective Test/Objective Test Can Helps determine punishment for deviant behaviors |
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Biol/Genetics etc
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Doesnt take culture into account which is dominant over most genetic, inherited, behavioral tendencies,
The way these traits are dealt w/social and cultural context is what explains deviant behavior. |
Problems: Scientifically untestable remain nothing more than speculations.
No consensus/agreement on degrees of mental well-being or mental aberration. |
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Radical Theory
*Our justice sys. is based on this |
A body of sociological etiology that claims adult crime/juvenile delinq. is caused by conflict between social classes
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