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70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What causes apraxia of speech?
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Unilateral lesion in the left cerebral hemisphere, particularly in the parietofontal area
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What causes spastic dysarthria?
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Bilateral Upper Motor Neuron lesions
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Broca's area and Wernicke area are connected by what?
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Arcuate Fasciculus
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Lesion to the recurrent largngeal nerve results in ...
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Paralysis of all intrinsic laryngeal muscles except the cricothyroid muscle which is innervated by the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve
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Which efferent tract innervates all the motor nuclei of the cranial nerve system of the brainstem?
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Coticubilbar tract
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High vowels have higher impedance and correlates to ....
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A small velopharyngeal opening
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In sound production treatment of apraxia of speech, the type of stimulus used is ...
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Minimal pairs
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What area of the brain is directly involved in forming new memories and it`s impairment leads to deficits in short-term memories?
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Hippocampi
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Explain the following terms:
1. Commissural fiber tracts 2. Projection fiber tracts 3. Assocation |
1. Commissural fiber tracts connect regions between two hemispheres
Projection fiber tracts connects motor neurons inn the brain to motor neurons in the spinal cord Association connects regions within one cerebral hemisphere |
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Wernicke area is also known as...
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The Auditory Association Cortex
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What are "Garden Path" sentences..
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Sentences that create an expectation in the listener's mind and then violate the expectations
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In dysphagia treatment, the combination of chin tuck and rotation of head has what effects?
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1. Narrows the laryngeal closure
2. Increases vocal fold adduction 3. Puts epiglottis in more protective position 4. Widens the valleculla |
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According to Piaget, when children apply new concepts to an existing scheme, the process is called ...
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Assimilation
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The skills encompassed in metalinguistics emerge at what age?
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4 to 5 years
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when does intentional communication emerge?
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8 to 9 months
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According to Piaget, when does accommodation occur?
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Accommodation occurs when the child uses new information to transform an existing cognitive scheme
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What is an Anaphora?
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An Anaphora is a replacement of a noun or a noun phrase with a pronoun. eg. replacing John and Katy with they
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Define diminutization?
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When a sound is added to the end of a word.e.g dog becomes doggie
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Explain the Cognitive-Linguistic approach.
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In Cognitive-Linguistic approach is a procedure that focuses on the pattern of sounds rather than the treatment of individual sounds
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Define Distinctive Features approach.
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Distinctive Features approach is a procedure in which through language sampling, an omitted distinctive feature is identified and that feature is trained with the expectation that it will be generalized among the phonemes.
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Define Minimal-pair-contrast approach
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Minimal pair is a pair is a set of words that differs by a single phoneme, and that single phoneme conveys a totally different meaning.
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What is responsible for rate of speech?
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Cerebellum
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Give examples of each:
Ordinal scale Nominal scale Interval scale Ratio scale |
Ordinal scale - restaurant star rating
Nominal scale - democrats and republicans Interval scale - measurement of temperature Ratio scale - temperature with true zero |
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What is the difference between construct validity and content validity?
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Construct validity is the ability of a test to accurately measure an observable trait.
Content validity is the ability of a test to measure all aspects of an observable trait. |
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What are the tenets if Van Ripers Traditional Approach.
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Van Ripers Traditional Approach emphasizes phonetic placement, auditory discrimination and repetition of isolated speech sounds
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Explain Flaccid dysarthria.
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Flaccid dysarthria is caused by injury of the motor neuron of the medulla and posterior pons. The injury causes paralysis of the mouth, palate and vocal cords and leads to speech that is slurred, has high nasal quality and is raspy.
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Explain Ataxic dysarthria.
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This is caused by injury to the cerebellum. Characterized by irregular speech rhythm and uncoordinated breathing. Explosive speech is common.
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Explain spastic dysarthria.
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Spastic dysarthria is caused by damage to the upper motor neurons in the pyramidal tract. The damage causes slow, strained, monotonous speech due to impairment of the fine motor movements of the mouth and vocal apparatus muscles
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Explain hypokinetic dysarthria.
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Hypokinetic dysarthria is caused by damage to the basal ganglia. Speech is slurred, rapid, and monotonous. The volume of speech decreases progressively at the end of sentences.
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Explain hyperkinetic dysarthria.
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Hyperkinetic dysarthria is caused by damage to the frontal lobes and basal ganglia. Speech is characterized by prolonged syllables, and sentences often interrupted by silence or occasional bursts of speech.
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What is the goal of Stuttering modification techniques and list it's stages.
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The goal of Stuttering modification technique is to reduce stuttering frequency and avoidance behavior associated with it. The stages in the techniques include
1. Identification 2. Desentization 3. Modification 4. Stabilization |
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What model provides the most information for planning and intervention for children with learning disability?
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Descriptive developmental model because it describes in detail the child's current level of functioning including form, content and use.
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Describe the following narrative terms:
1. Heaps 2. Decsriptive sequence 3. Action Sequence 4. Ractive Sequence 5. True narrative |
1. Heaps are stories with ideas that are not related temporarly or causally but around perception
2. Decsriptive sequence describe character and setting but not causal or temporal links 3. Action Sequence describe events that are related chronologocally but not causally 4. Reactive Sequence ar estories in which actions are related causally and chronologically 5. True narrative includes components of story grammer (characters and a theme) |
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What is the definition of a speech act?
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The communicative intent of an utterance.
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What is the difference between the narratives of children with specific language impairment and children without specific language impairment?
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Less conjunctions and elaborate noun phrases
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When standard measures are used which criterion is used to identify the presence of a language disorder?
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1.2 to 1.5 standard deviations on 2 tests.
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What assessment is used to measure lexical diversity?
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Number of different words
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What is the difference between a primary and a secondary reinforcer?
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A primary reinforcer does not require learning (conditioning), while a secondary reinforcer is conditioned by prior experience.
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Which sound classes are difficult to train in isolation?
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Voiceless stops
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What sound production would be different in blind children and sighted chldren?
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Bilabial sounds e.g. /p/
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How does pre-linguitic mileu teaching foster a chld's interest in communcation?
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By placing desired objects our of reach, waiting expectantly, or sabotage routines that violate an expectation
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The most common problem associated with a history of otitis media in young children in the first 2 years of life is what?
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Stridency deletion
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Define recasting
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In recasting, the clincian does not explicitly correct the child's erroneous productions, instead repeats it with the errors corrected.
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What does discrete trial teaching method typically involve.
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Using different reinforcement, modelling and prompting
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Which phonological process typically disappears early in children?
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Final consonant deletion
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What factors primarily influence a child's emergent literacy?
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Oral language and metalinguistic skills
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The least frequently occurring sound in the English language is ....
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/sh/ as in shoe or should
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What is the difference between phonological awareness and phonics?
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Phonological awareness involves sounds in spoken words, while phonics involve relationship between sounds and written symbols
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Define Ellipsis
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Ellipsis is the omission of redundant information that was previously stated because the speaker can assume the listener already knows the information.
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The Hodson-Paden therapy for unintelligible children is best used for what type of children?
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Children with systematic errors that are stimulable
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Spelling involves which three processes?
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Alphabetic, orthographic and morphologic knowledge
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Assessing pitch elevation provided information regarding what .....
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Potential for silent aspiration. This is because pitch elevation is as a result of the contraction of the cricothyroid muscle.
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What instrument is used to for visual observation of velopharyngeal function during speech?
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Nasoendoscopy
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Maximum lingual pressure generation decreases in healthy aging as a result of what?
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Sarcopenia
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What is most important in describing outcomes management plan?
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The source of data collection
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What is the primary role of the levetor veli palatini or velar sling during velopharyngeal port closure?
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To elevate and retract the velum posteriorly
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Define the following terms:
1. Primary intervention 2. Secondary intervention 3. Tertiary intervention |
1. Primary intervention is the attempt to inhibit or eliminate the onset or development of disorder by limiting susceptibility
2. Secondary intervention early detection or treatment to eliminate disorder or hinder it's progress 3. Tertiary intervention involves reducing a disability by trying to restore more effective functioning |
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What is the primary muscle for soft palate movement and velopharyngeal closure?
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Levetor veli palatini
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What is the most compensatory articulatory pattern observed in children with cleft palate?
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Glottal stop
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What is the best pre-operation criteria for speech outcome after pharyngeal flap surgery?
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Lateral pharyngeal wall movement
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The formation of Passavant ridge is attributed to what muscle?
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Superior pharyngeal constrictor
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What is the primary function of musculus uvulae?
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To shorten and thicken the nasal surface of the velum along the mid-line
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Increased intrathoraic pressure for coughing and sneezing is enabled by the approximation of what?
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Ventricular folds
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What does high reliability coefficient and low standard error measurement mean?
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High reliability coefficient means the test yields replicable results and low standard error measurement means the test yields precise or accurate results.
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Corticubular tracts projects to most of the brain stem motor nuclei in what manner?
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Bilaterally
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Audible nasal emission is perceived during the production of what sounds?
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Voiceless fricative consonants
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What is an early symptom of ALS?
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Hypernasality
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Name the only muscle associated with vocal fold abduction.
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Posterior Cricoarytenoids
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Spasmodic Dysphonia is a pathological disorder of what?
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Central Nervous System
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What is the most sensitive tasks for differentiating between healthy aging and alzheimer disease?
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short story recall task
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