Jt 1 A Uhcl Biochem Ii Exam1.2/3 - Energy Metabolism Pathways/reg

Front 1

--- Key Pathways Linked to ATP Synthesis In Mammals ---
1) *** Cycle
2) *** pathway
3) ***-o*** pathway
4) others

Back 1

1) Krebs Cycle(Citric Acid Cycle/TCA Cycle)
2) Glycolysis pathway
3) β-oxidation pathway
4) Others

Front 2

--- TCA Cycle Regulation ---
Factors governing the rate of flux through the cycle:
1) *** availability
2) inhibition by *** ***
3) *** feedback inhibition of early enzymes by later ***

Back 2

1) Substrate
2) accumulating products
3) allosteric --- intermediates

Front 3

--- TCA Cycle Regulation ---
Strongly exergonic enzyme steps
1) *** s***
2) *** d***
3) α-k*** d***

Back 3

1) citrate synthase
2) isocitrate dehydrogenase
3) α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

Front 4

--- TCA Cycle Regulation ---
Citrate Synthase Reaction
1) Controlled by *** availability.
2) and *** enzyme regulators like
3) citrate & acyl-S-CoA(thioesters) which ***
4) and ADP which ***.

Back 4

1) substrate
2) allosteric
3) inhibits
4) activates

Front 5

--- TCA Cycle Regulation ---
1) *** Dehydrogenase is inhibited by ATP, NADH, and Succinyl-S-CoA.
2) *** Dehydrogenase does not use ATP.

Back 5

1) Isocitrate
2) α−Ketoglutarate

Front 6

--- TCA Cycle Regulation ---
Common enzyme inhibitors include....
1) ***
2) ***H
3) S***

Back 6

1) ATP
2) NADH
3) Succinyl-S-CoA.

Front 7

Exergonic derived from Greek...

Back 7

exō "outside"
-ergonic "work

Front 8

An *** step releases energy in the form of work.

Back 8

exergonic

Front 9

--- Pyruvate Dehydrogenase ---
1) Enzyme complex w/# enzymes and # coenzymes
3) linking together *** & *** cycles.

Back 9

1) 5 --- 5
3) glycolysis & TCA

Front 10

--- Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex ---
1) PDC uses 3 enzymes to transform pyruvate into *** through
2) a process called pyruvate ***.
3) which is used in the *** pathway to carry out cellular r***.

Back 10

1) acetyl-CoA
2) decarboxylation
3) citric acid cycle --- respiration

Front 11

--- Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex ---
Three Main Enzymes...
1) E1 - pyruvate ***
2) E2 - dihydrolipoyl ***
3) E3 - dihydrolipoyl ***

Back 11

1) dehydrogenase
2) transacetylase
3) dehydrogenase

Front 12

--- PDC ---
Allosteric Activators
1) *** of E1
2) *** of E2
3) *** of E3

Back 12

--- Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex ---
1) AMP
2) CoA-SH
3) NAD+

Front 13

--- Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex ---
Allosteric Inhibitors
1) *** of E1
2) *** of E2
3) *** of E3
4) Also... long chain *** ***

Back 13

1) ATP (GTP)
2) Acetyl-S-CoA
3) NADH
4) fatty acid

Front 14

--- PDC - E1---
1) inhibited/activated by being P'ed when *** are present.
2) inhibited/activated by being deP'ed when *** are present.

Back 14

1) Inhibited --- products(ATP, NADH, Acetyl-CoA)
2) Activated --- Ca2+ and Mg2+

Front 15

*** is a functional group composed of -COCH3.

Back 15

acetyl

Front 16

Metabolism of *** through *** is the main source of energy in brain, ***, and other cells/tissues.

Back 16

Glucose --- Glycolysis
erythrocytes

Front 17

The *** pathway operates under anaerobic(called ***) and aerobic conditions.

Back 17

Glycolysis --- fermentation

Front 18

Γ is the SU symbol of....

Back 18

mass action ratio

Front 19

Muscle ATP concentrations are often #-# *** and can maintain muscular contraction for *** seconds.

Back 19

5-10 mM
a few

Front 20

--- Glycolysis ---
Regulated steps are...
1) *** kinase
2) ***kinase I
3) ** *kinase

Back 20

1) Hexose
2) Phosphofructo-kinase 1
3) Pyruvate

Front 21

--- Glycolysis Regulation ---
1) Hexose kinase has a low *** for glucose(0.1 mM) and is
2) inhibited by its *** called ***.

Back 21

1) Km
2) product --- glucose-6-phosphate.

Front 22

--- Glycolysis Regulation ---
1) PFK-1 catalyzes the *** step.
2) Inhibited by ***.
3) Activated by *** and ***(liver).

Back 22

1) first
2) ATP/Citrate
3) ADP/AMP --- Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate(liver)

Front 23

PFK-1?

Back 23

Phosphofructokinase I

Front 24

--- Glycolysis Regulation ---
1) In vertebrates, Pyruvate Kinase has # isozymes and is
2) Inhibited by ***, ***(CoA), ***-chain *** acids.
3) The liver isozyme also by *** in response to ***.

Back 24

1) 3
2) ATP, Acetyl-S-CoA, and long-chain fatty acids
3) phosphorylation --- glucagon

Front 25

*** Systems Are Required For Mitochondrial Oxidation Of Cytosolic ***

Back 25

Shuttle
NADH

Front 26

Phosphoglucomutase catalyzes transformations between *** and ***.

Back 26

glucose 1-phosphate ⇌ glucose 6-phosphate

Front 27

The total ATP yield per glucose is...

Back 27

30 or 32

Front 28

3 Stages of fatty acid oxidation.
1) Activation of *** ***-S-CoA in the mito. ***.
2) Xfer of *** group to *** for shuttling into mito. ***.
3) Final ***-*** cycle in the mito. ***.

Back 28

1) fatty --- acyl --- matrix
2) acyl --- carnitine --- intermembrane
3) β-oxidation --- intermembrane

Front 29

--- Oxidative Pentose Phosphate Pathway ---
1) Takes place in the *** and is an alternative pathway to oxidize ***.
2) The final e- acceptor is *** which is used in *** biosynthesis
3) as well as protects cell from *** damage to proteins.

Back 29

1) Cytosol --- glucose
2) NADP+ --- reduction
3) oxidative

Front 30

*** **** *** Pathway is the main pathway for NADPH synthesis.

Back 30

Oxidative Pentose Phosphate

Front 31

--- Oxidative Pentose Phosphate Pathway ---
1) The main regulatory enzyme is glucose #-*** ***.
2) Inhibited by *** and ***.
3) Activated by being ***(state) and the compound ***.

Back 31

1) 6-phsophate dehydrogenaxse
2) NADPH and ATP
3) oxidized --- glutathione

Front 32

*** is the pathway for the synthesis of glucose and shares many enzymes with the *** pathway.

Back 32

Gluconeogenesis
glycolysis.

Front 33

--- Gluconeogenesis ---
1) There are # bypasses...
2) Bypass 1 is closer/further from glucose.

Back 33

1) 3
2) closer

Front 34

--- Gluconeogenesis ---
Number of enzymes in bypass...
1) Bypass 1
2) Bypass 2
3) Bypass 3

Back 34

1) 4
2) 1
3) 1

Front 35

Energy cost of gluconeogenesis...
1) # ATP(***)
2) # ***

Back 35

1) 6 ATP (2 new GTP equilalents)
2) 2 NADH

Front 36

Energy production in glycolysis?
1) # ATP
2) # ***

Back 36

1) 2 ATP
2) 2 NADH

Front 37

What is the ATP difference between glycolysis & gluconeogenesis?
1) # *** equ*** per glucose

Back 37

4 ATP equivalents per glucose

Front 38

--- Regulation of Gluconeogenesis ---
Key enzymes...
1) P*** C***ase
2) F*** B***ase

Back 38

1) Pyruvate Carboxylase
2) Fructose Bisphosphatase

Front 39

--- Regulation of Gluconeogenesis ---
Pyruvate Carboxylase(last step)
1) Inhibited by ***.
2) Activated by ***.

Back 39

1) ????
2) Acetyl-S-CoA

Front 40

--- Regulation of Gluconeogenesis ---
Fructose Bisphosphatase(middle step)
1) Inhibited by ***.
2) Activated by ***.

Back 40

1) AMP & 3-phosphoglycerate
2) Citrate

Front 41

The "*** ***" is seen when fermentation is disrupted by an abundance of oxygen.

Back 41

Pasteur Effect

Front 42

The "*** ***" is seen in many *** exhibiting higher-than-normal rates of glycolysis under aerobic conditions.

Back 42

Warburg Effect --- tumors

Front 43

1) The "***-*** ***" fraudulently explained the *** Effect. It stated a tumor gene caused a "kinase cascade"...
2) P'ing an ATP-driven ***-*** *** rendering it less efficient thereby increasing ATP consumption and glycolysis.

Back 43

1) Spector-Racker Proposal --- Warburg
2) Na-K pump

Front 44

The "*** ***" is seen when fermentation is disrupted by an abundance of oxygen.

Back 44

Pasteur Effect

Front 45

The "*** ***" is seen in many *** exhibiting higher-than-normal rates of glycolysis under aerobic conditions.

Back 45

Warburg Effect --- tumors

Front 46

1) The "***-*** ***" fraudulently explained the *** Effect. It stated a tumor gene caused a "kinase cascade"...
2) P'ing an ATP-driven ***-*** *** rendering it less efficient thereby increasing ATP consumption and glycolysis.

Back 46

1) Spector-Racker Proposal --- Warburg
2) Na-K pump

Front 47

--- Metabolic Pathway Regulation ---
Regulated of enzymes VIA...
1) Gene expression controls *** and ***.
2) Allosteric regulation controls c*** a***.
3) *** of enzymes

Back 47

1) Presence & abundance
2) catalytic activity of enzyme
3) location

Front 48

--- Metabolic Pathway Regulation ---
Studied by...
1) *** of organic reactions
2) Study of i*** and m*** enzymes
3) *** inactivation techniques
4) Radioactive or c*** t***

Back 48

1) Knowledge
2) isolated --- mutants
3) Gene
4) chemical tags

Front 49

Enzyme levels reflect a balance between the rates of enzyme *** and ***.

Back 49

synthesis and degradation

Front 50

--- Metabolic Pathway Regulation ---
Spatial separation includes...
1) C***.
2) O*** a***

Back 50

1) Compartmentation.
2) Organized assemblies

Front 51

--- Metabolic Pathway Regulation ---
Enzymes catalyzing reactions displaced from equilibrium are often found to have *** functions.

Back 51

regulatory

Front 52

NAD+?

Back 52

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide