Jt 1 A Uhcl Biochem Ii Exam1.1 - Bioenergetics

Front 1

SU of Enthalpy is ***.

Back 1

H

Front 2

SU of Gibbs free energy is ***.

Back 2

G

Front 3

SU of Entropy is ***.

Back 3

S

Front 4

1) *** expresses the amount of energy capable of doing work
2) at a temp. of ***, pressure of ***, and all solutes at ***.

Back 4

1) Gibbs free energy ( G )
2) 298K --- 1 atm --- 1 M

Front 5

*** is the heat content of a reacting system.

Back 5

Enthalpy ( H )

Front 6

*** represents the randomness in a system.

Back 6

Entropy (S)

Front 7

--- Reacting System ---
Enthalpy represents its ***.
Entropy represents its ***.

Back 7

heat content
randomness

Front 8

ATP + *** = ADP + Pi

Back 8

H2O

Front 9

ΔG = *** change

Back 9

Gibbs free energy

Front 10

ΔH = *** change

Back 10

Enthalpy

Front 11

ΔS = *** changes

Back 11

Entropy

Front 12

1) The *** is the concentration ratio of product to reactant.
2) Its SU symbol is ***

Back 12

1) mass-action ratio
2) Γ (capitalized Gamma)

Front 13

ATP is said to be kinetically *** and thermodynamically ***.

Back 13

stable --- unstable

Front 14

ATP commonly donates phosphoryl, *** and *** groups.

Back 14

pyrophosphoryl --- adenylyl

Front 15

Std. free energy of ATP hydrolysis is *** kJ/mol... however, actual closer to *** kJ/mol.

Back 15

-30.5
-52

Front 16

--- ATP production ---
1) *** phosphorylation(cyto)
2) *** phosphorylation(mito)
3) ***phosphorylation(chloro)
4) *** phosphorylation(odd ball)

Back 16

1) Substrate-level
2) Oxidative .
3) Photo
4) Bacterial electron transport

Front 17

--- Oxidative Phosphorylation ---
*** reaction transferring electrons from a *** substrate to a terminal electron acceptor.

Back 17

Redox --- reduced

Front 18

*** is mobile w/in the mito. inner membrane accepting and transferring a pair of electrons.

Back 18

Ubiquinone

Front 19

Several proteins in the mitochondrial elec. trans. pathway contain *** groups contain an *** atom undergoing reversible reduction and oxidation.

Back 19

heme
iron

Front 20

Flavin Nucleotides are usually *** groups on elec. trans. chain proteins.

Back 20

prosthetic

Front 21

Coenzyme A reacts w/*** *** to form a thioester, thus functioning as an *** group carrier.

Back 21

carboxylic acids
acyl
CH3 - C=O -

Front 22

Coenzyme A assists in transferring *** *** and *** *** molecules from the cytoplasm to mitochondria.

Back 22

acetic acid and fatty acids

Front 23

Coenzyme A transfers acetic acid and fatty acids from the *** to the ***(organelle)... by forming into a *** through its S atom.

Back 23

cytoplasm to mitochondria.
thioester

Front 24

--- Mito. ATP synthesis ---
Generated from proton gradient which is generated through the use of ENERGY of *** and ***.

Back 24

NADH and FADH2

Front 25

Mitochondrial membrane complexes #, #, # and *** are all examples of primary active transporters.

Back 25

I, III, IV and ATP synthase

Front 26

Primary active transporters all link *** *** with transport reactions.

Back 26

chemical reactions

Front 27

Proton Gradient Couples Electron Flow with Phosphorylation. First shown in *** organelles by Jagendorf and Uribe.

Back 27

chloroplasts

Front 28

--- ATP Synthase Mechanism ---
Step 1 - Substrate Binding
1) ADP & Pi bind to catalytic F# *** w/out cofactor ***.
2) Cofactor joins binding *** facilitating formation of *** state.

Back 28

1) F1 moiety --- Mg2
2) Pi --- transition

Front 29

--- ATP Synthase Mechanism ---
Step 2 -Transition State
1) ADP & *** are brought closer together and the *** group of
2) P-loop *** 158 is brought into the active site lowering the *** environment.

Back 29

1) MgPi --- Methyl
2) alanine --- dielectric

Front 30

--- ATP Synthase Mechanism ---
Step 3 - Product Release
1) Lower dielectric environment facilitates release of ***
2) as ADP & MgPi are *** to form ***.

Back 30

1) H2O
2) dehydrated --- ATPMg.

Front 31

--- ATP Synthase Mechanism ---
1) Involves 2 *** states & 1 *** state.
2) 1st stage involves s*** ***.
3) then an intermediate *** state
4) and finally p*** ***.

Back 31

1) ground --- transition
2) Substrate Binding
3) Transition State
4) Product Release

Front 32

--- ATP Synthase Mechanism ---
1) # *** are transported through mitochondrial ETS for each pair of ***
2) transferred from ***(molecule) to its final receptor ***.

Back 32

1) 10 --- protons --- electrons
2) NADH --- O2

Front 33

--- ATP Synthase Mechanism ---
1) Full rotation of *** subunit of ATP Synthase produces # ATPs.

Back 33

1) γ --- 3

Front 34

--- ATP Synthase ---
1) The number H+ required for full rotation of γ subunit depends on the number of.......
2) # present in E. coli
3) # in mammals

Back 34

1) c subunits
2) 12
3) 8

Front 35

--- ATP Synthesis ---
ETS?

Back 35

electron transport system

Front 36

--- ATP Synthesis Stoichiometry ---
E. coli
1) # c subunits(H+)
2) Full turn creates # ATP.
3) So, # H+ per ATP.
4) 2 e- from NADH xport # H+.
5) So, each NADP creates # ATP.

Back 36

1) 12 c-su
2) 3 ATP
3) 4 H+/ATP
4) 10 H+
5) 2.5 ATP/NADH

Front 37

--- ATP Synthesis Stoichiometry ---
Mammals
1) # c subunits(H+)
2) Full turn creates # ATP.
3) So, # H+ per ATP....
4) PLUS one H+ for *** xport.
5) 2 e- from NADH xport # H+.
6) creating # ATP from NADH.

Back 37

1) 8 c-su
2) 3 ATP
3) 2.67 H+/ATP
4) Pi ---- 3.67
5) 10 H+
6) 2.7 ATP/NADH
--- 10 / 3.67

Front 38

--- ATP Synthesis Stoichiometry ---
Mammal Mitochondria
1) Uptake of Pi into the mitochondrial *** is driven by
2) a *** coupled *** type transporter.

Back 38

1) matrix
2) H+ --- symport

Front 39

--- ATP Synthesis Stoichiometry ---
1) ATP/ADP is xported through a *** type transporter.
2) ATP4- into the *** space
3) ADP3- into the *** space.

Back 39

1) anitporter
2) intermembrane
3) matrix

Front 40

The best estimate is...
1) Each pair of *** from *** flowing through the mitochondrial ETP to final receptor ***,
2) # *** are xported into the *** space.

Back 40

1) e- --- NADH --- O2
2) 10 H+ --- intermembrane

electron transport pathway

Front 41

--- ATP Synthesis Stoichiometry ---
ATP/NADH.
1) Mammals = #
2) E. Coli = #

Back 41

1) 2.7
2) 2.5

Front 42

--- Mitochondrial ATP Synthesis ---
1) # H+ are translocated for
every FADH2 e- pair entering the ETPathway through protein ***.

Back 42

1) 6 --- complex II

Front 43

--- Mitochondrial ATP Synthesis ---
1) FADH2 donates e- pair to the *** protein where it enters the ETPathway translocating # H+.
2) Because # H+ are required for each ATP synthesized
3) each FADH2 creates # ATP.

Back 43

1) complex II --- 6
2) 3.67
3) 1.6
---- 6 / (2.67+1)

Front 44

--- Mitochondrial ATP Synthesis ---
1) FADH2 donates e- pair to the *** protein translocating # H+.
2) NADH donates e- pair to the *** protein translocating # H+.

Back 44

1) complex II --- 6
2) complex I --- 10

Front 45

Number of c-subunits in c-ring of F# depend on the organism / organelle.
1) # in yeast mitochondria
2) # in plant chloroplast
3) # to # in bacteria

Back 45

F0
1) 10
2) 14
3) 12 to 15

Front 46

--- TEXT & TEST VALUES ---
1) # ATPs per NADH
2) # ATPs per FADH2

Back 46

1) 2.5
2) 1.5

Front 47

--- ATP Synthesis ---
The uncoupler toxin DNP binds H+ on the *** side becoming *** allowing its diffusion across the membrane breaking down the proton gradient/ATP synthesis.

Back 47

P --- neutral

Front 48

--- ATP Synthesis ---
DNP is a toxic *** compound classified as an *** inhibiting ATP synthesis.

Back 48

phenolic --- uncoupler

Front 49

Uncoupling protein 1 (also called ***) is a natural uncoupling protein expressed in mitochondria of *** *** cells of newborn and hibernating mammals and is linked to *** production.

Back 49

thermogenin --- brown fat cells --- heat

Front 50

--- ATP Synthesis ---
H+ is forced from the *** space into the *** space in...
1) Chloroplast
2) Mitochondria
3) Bacteria Organelles.

Back 50

1) Stroma --- Thylakoid lumen
2) Matrix --- Intermembrane
3) Cytosol --- Intermembrane

Front 51

--- ATP Synthesis ---
The *** space is located interior and the *** space exterior in...
1) Chloroplast
2) Mitochondria
3) Bacteria Organelles

Back 51

1) Thylakoid lumen --- Stroma
2) Matrix --- Intermembrane
3) Cytosol --- Intermembrane

Front 52

--- Mitochondrial & Chloroplast Similarities ---
1) # membrane spanning protein *** involved in e- transport.
2) 1st & 2nd protein complexes linked by *** soluble ***.
3) 2nd & 3rd protein complexes linked by a *** protein.

Back 52

1) 3 --- complexes
2) lipid soluble quinone
3) peripheral

Front 53

--- Mitochondrial & Chloroplast ---
1) 1st & 2nd protein linked by quinones *** or ***.
2) 2nd & 3rd protein linked by peripheral proteins *** or ***>

Back 53

1) ubiquinone or plastoquinone
2) cytochrome c or plastocyanin

Front 54

--- Mitochondrial & Chloroplast Similarities ---
1) Both use *** proteins in the ETPathway.
2) Both use *** as a coenzyme.

Back 54

1) cytochrome
2) NAD(P)+
????

Front 55

--- Mitochondrial & Chloroplast Differences ---
1) Only chloroplast protein complexes contain *** & use *** energy for ET & proton gradient generation.
2) Only *** oxidize water & transport e- to *** forming ***.

Back 55

1) chlorophyll --- light
2) chloroplasts --- NADP+ --- NADPH

Front 56

--- Mitochondrial & Chloroplast Differences ---
1) Only the mitochondrial ETP accepts e- from *** produced by *** of fuel w/O2 serving as its final electron ***.

Back 56

1) NADH --- oxidation --- acceptor

Front 57

Mitochondrial ET proteins span the *** membrane & translocate protons *** the *** & *** membranes.

Back 57

inner --- between --- inner and outer

Front 58

1) Chloroplasts ET proteins span the *** membrane & translocate protons to the space *** the ***.
2) (also called the *** or i*** space)

Back 58

1) thylakoid --- inside the thylakoids
2) lumen or interthylakoid

Front 59

Peter Mitchell used the term *** (also designated pmf or Δp) in regard to the proton gradient.

Back 59

proton motive force

Front 60

--- Forces of Membranous Ion Gradients ---
1) Ion *** gradient (AKA Δ***)
2) V***/e***/*** potential difference. (AKA Δ***).

Back 60

1) Concentration --- ΔpH
2) Voltage/electrical/membrane --- ΔΨ

Front 61

pmf is dependent on both...
1) the *** gradient
2) *** potential difference.

Back 61

pH....(ΔpH)
membrane.... (Δψ)

Front 62

--- Respiring Mitochondrion ---
1) ΔpH is usually ***.
2) Δψ is usually *** and is defined as ***-phase minus ***-phase.
3)

Back 62

1) negative
2) positive --- P --- N

Front 63

Mammalian energy production metabolites...
1) ***(*** & s***)
2) ***(mainly f*** ***)
3) ***
4) *** ***

Back 63

1) Carbohydrates (Starches & sugars)
2) Lipids (Mainly fatty acids)
3) Proteins
4) Amino acids

Front 64

FAD?

Back 64

flavin adenine dinucleotide

Front 65

CoA is made up of....
1) *** nucleotide linked to
2) pa***nate linked to
3) me***oet***la***e and is a
4) universal carrier of *** groups.

Back 65

1) adenine
2) pantothenate
3) mercaptoethylamine
4) acyl groups

Front 66

FMN?
also... forms into FMNH• and FMNH2

Back 66

Flavin mononucleotide

Front 67

The *** anion inhibits the enzyme...
1) *** * o*** in the *** ETC complex by
2) attaching to the protein's *** atom preventing e- transport.

Back 67

cyanide
1) cytochrome c oxidase --- 4th
2) iron