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59 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
ethics are not the same as feelings;
• some people feel bad when they do something wrong
• some ppl feel good
• sometimes our feelings make us feel uncomfortable about doing the right thing
ethics are not religion;
• How many ppl are religious?
• How many consider themselves to be ethical?
• The point: Not everyone is religious, yet you can still do the right thing
• Religions incorporate ethical values
• But does religion tell me whether to publish a gruesome photo?
ethics are not law;
-a good law incorporates ethical standards But law can become ethically corrupt
-Consider law in a brutal dictatorship like North Korea
Law can be made to serve the interests of narrow groups
ethics are not following culturally accepted norms;
-A culture’s norms may well be ethical
-But some culture’s norms arguably are highly unethical
-Consider the treatment of women in some countries
Or slavery in our own country
ethics are not science;
-Science can provide information useful for making ethical choices
-Example: Certain pesticide residues harm children But what to do? Science doesn’t tell us
-What if banning those pesticides makes food more expensive? How do we decide what to do?
-That’s what our values are for
Values can help us resolve ethical dilemmas
ethical dilemma, can deception be justified?;
-if you deceive people is there justification for it
-ethical dilemma is a complex situation that often involves an apparent mental conflict between moral imperatives
-Exists when two legitimate, but competing, duties are at stake so that any decision you make will produce a moral harm of some kind
ethical stress;
occurs when even though you might agree on what the ethically best course of action us- something prevents you from acting on it
examples of ethical dilemmas; Plagiarism (unethical)
• Stealing someone’s work and passing it off as your own is clearly unethical
• But it is also against the rules
• So there is no ethical dilemma here. JUST DON’T DO IT
- just unethical NOT DILEMMA
examples of ethical dilemmas;
• Whether to publish a gory image:
• Will make people uncomfortable
• Makes me uncomfortable
• But people have a right to know the facts
• How do I decide how far to go in showing them those facts
• Is there an absolute right or wrong answer? This is a true ethical dilemma
• It helps us answer a question: What should I do? It is about a process of reasoning to determine:
ethical principles--> categorical imperative;
(Immanuel Kant): For the sake of society, some rules must be universal
ethical principles--> utilitarianism;
Mill; greatest good for the greatest number. Minimize harm to those who will be harmed by your choice.
ethical principles; Communitarianism
Less of a focus on individual rights. More on what’s good for all of society
GOLDEN MEAN
- an arrange of options take the path (aristotle)
GOLDEN RULE
Do unto others as you would have them do unto you. Put yourself in their shoes.
how to apply principles in resolving an ethical dilemma;
• Applying ethics; codes
• Businesses have them
• Professional organizations have them
• Most governments have them
• May deal with conduct, conflicts of interest, gift- giving
• A guide for decision-making
• Violations may be subject to penalties
core ethical principles for journalists;
-Seek truth and report it
-Minimize harm

-Act independently

-Be accountable
what you wind up with??;
o A decision that’s not absolutely right or wrong, but a decision you can justify with a reasonable excuse or argument
at the end of the process;
• Have you resolved your dilemma?
• Can you make a clear and rational argument for your decision by...
• Saying what the dilemma is
What the facts are
What journalistic codes of conduct, etc. say about it Which ethical principle(s) you applied
And how you applied them?
POTTER BOX
tools to help decision making process;
1-define the situation; here you need to outline the key facts and any legal constraint that may be in play
2-idetntify values; consider professional values that might guide your decision making (newsworthiness/ novelty), as well as personal values
Steps in the potter box
1-DEFINE THE SITUATION; here you need to outline the key facts and any legal constraint that may be in play
2-IDENTIFY VALUES; consider professional values that might guide your decision making (newsworthiness/ novelty), as well as personal values
3-CONSIDER RELEVANT PRINCIPLES ethical principles, that can guide your decision making, weigh them, & determine which is the most helpful given the situation you are trying to resolve
4-CHOOSE LOYALITIES consider stakeholders involved, the client or the newspaper org., sources- who do you owe your primary responsibility?
when making a decision- Kidder's dichotomies;
Truth vs. loyal-TRUTH
individual vs. community-COMMUNITY
short-term vs. long-term-SHORT TERM
justice vs. mercy-MERCY
when making a decision- Sissela Bok's model, 2 premises;
-must have empathy for people involved in ethical decisions
-maintaining social trust is a fundamental goal
when making a decision- Sissela Bok's model, 3 steps;
-consult your own conscience about the "rightness" of an action
-seek expert advice for alternatives that might be more ethical
-if possible, discuss the options with the parties involved to see how others respond to the proposed action
ethical concerns in journalism;
longer standing issues; conflict of interest, anonymous sources- anonymity in a story hurts the credibility of the story and news org.
deceit- eavesdropping, undercover reporting
photojournalsim- intrusion, graphic image
new media challenges; speed vs. accuracy
transparency, partially, social media
Anonymous sources, NYT policies;
-should be used only as a last resort
-should not be used for those making partisan attacks
-should provide reason for anonymity
- not just that source requested or demanded it
NYT examination of its use of its use of anonymous sources found the paper violated its own policies for using them nearly 80% of the time
Undercover reporting;
-requires lying about who you are and your purpose-
-viewed warily by the media; if the reporter has not been honest and transparent, why should reader trust story?
-
Undercover reporting, Bob Steele (Poynter) says only to use when;
-info. is of vital public interest, such as revealing a great "system failure" at top levels
- when all other alternatives for getting the same information have been exhausted
Foundations of verification, never add, never deceive;
-never add anything that was not there→ oj simpson photo- don’t make suspects face darker in pic., or add aritifical sound that wasn’t there for visuals, add words to quotes not there
-never deceive the audience→ ex. national geographic- push pyramids together in pic, don’t rearrange parts of a quote or take out context, don’t ignore evidence because it doesn’t support the point you are trying to make
-be as transparent as possible about your methods and motives→ tell readers who your sources are, if a source must remain anonymous, say why, level with your readers about the limits of your knowledge- ex. climate example
-rely on your won original reporting→ do your own reporting- don’t quote other org., confirm everything independently, find authorative sources others are not using, think outside the box
-exercise humility→ be skeptical of your own ability to know what your reporting has reveled, realize that you may be wrong about an issue
history of broadcast journalism;
• 1920- radio broadcasting KDKA
• 1922- BBC
• 1926-CBS
• 1927-NBC
• 1936-BBC televsion broadcast
• 1940s- live war reporting from london
1945-ABC
• 1950s- tv became more lucrative medium than radio
• 1953- color tv broadcasting began
• 1960s- network evening news was expanded to 20 minutes
difference between print and broadcasting
o Print=written word
• Newspaper; delayed reporting, still images/graphics, complex writing, longer stories
o Broadcast= spoken word; immediacy, live capability, audio/video, conversational writing, shorter stories
what does broadcast convey the best?
o TV and cable news is good at conveying emotion
o Veteran that worked at Wal-Mart and felt down on life
what are the "three c's" in writing for broadcast?
o Clear, Concise and Conversational
o Stripped to bare essentials
o Sounds like someone is talking to you
for americans, what is the top source source of news?
For Americans, what source of news is growing the most?
o 1 Local tv station
o 2 Online/mobile
o 3 Radio
o 4 newspaper
• online/mobile??
demographic change- where people got their news yesterday?
2008 2012 change %
TV 57 TV 55 -2
online/mobile 29 39 +10
radio 35 33 -2
newspaper 34 29 -5
watched any tv news yesterday
2006 2012 change %
57 55 -2
*18-29 49 34 -15*
30-49 53 -1
50-64 63 +2
65+ 69 +4
key concept from photojournalism
“if your photos aren’t good, you’re not close enough”
what is the meaning of photojournalism?
One of the jobs of a photojournalist is “to intrude”- to get as close as possible to document events and emotion
different types of photojournalism;
spot, news, feature photos, sports photos, portraits, picture stories and photo essays
what is the “decisive moment”?
• You’re a journalist.. first meaning
• You do the reporting necessary to put yourself in the right place at the right time
• Instincts help. But those are born of constant observation
• In other words: reporting
• As a photojournalist, your notebook and pen are as important as your camera
whats the best camera?
the one you have on you!
definitions; print, digital, online, broadcast, cable
• Print; written accounts of news. Once meant exclusively on paper. Now can include online. Newspapers and magazines dominate often called “print media”
• Digital; info. digitized and transmitted over internet
• Online; often used interchangeably w/ digital. Btu digital is that technology that makes the online medium- meaning on the internet-possible
• Broadcast; info. is broadcast over the airwaves- broadcast tv and radio → nbc, etc
• Cable; info. is transmitted over fixed wires (ex. cnn, fox news, msnbc)
Newspaper & magazine are often referred to as “print” journalism
• Why? Because they emphasize written work

• News & mag.- paper editions at the core emphasize written word. Province of print journalism
• Network & local tv; broadcast over the airwaves; emphasize video
• Cable- wire, emphasize video
• Radio- airwaves, emphasize audio
All include;
• each one has a digital;/online presence
• features its emphasis on the digital online realm
• also includes other media
• “multimedia” is in the digital/ online space
Alex Jones- director Harvard Shorenstein center on the press, politics and public policy
Advocate for “accountability news”
• Fact-based “news of verification” as opposed to “news of assertion”
• Jones→ 85% of professionally reported accountability news comes from newspapers
• Everything else (tv) is a “delivery system”
• “..serious news reported by professional journalist is running scared”
Cannon ball
• Fact based accountability news.. the essential food of democracy”
• The info. produce by print journalist is what feeds material for everyone else→ o’reily video
Advantages of print journalism, Whether digital or paper
• Space;
o Room for long stories, more stories over all
• Time;
o Even in age of 24/7 coverage, print reporters get more time to work on stories
• Complexity and depth;
o More info. on bug issues such as roll our of affordable care act
o Closer examination of how things work
o Print often sets the agenda for other media
• Unmatched detail
o Census number
o Game states for sports
o Events listings
hutchins commission
Commission came to this conclusion in 1947: the press plays an important role in the development and stability of modern society and, as such, it is imperative that a commitment of social responsibility be imposed on mass media. According to this social responsibility theory, the press has a moral obligation to consider the overall needs of society when making journalistic decisions in order to produce the greatest good. Though there had been journalism "codes of ethics" for decades, the Commission's report was considered landmark by some scholars; they believed it was a pivotal reassertion of modern media's role in a democratic society.
walter lipman journalsit objectivity
"because the news is complex & slippery, good reporting requires the exercise of the highest scientific virtues"
accountability news
fact based, news of verification as opposed to news of assertion
Alex Jones EX.
• Advocate for “accountability news”
• Fact-based “news of verification” as opposed to “news of assertion”
• Jones→ 85% of professionally reported accountability news comes from newspapers
• Everything else (tv) is a “delivery system”
• “..serious news reported by professional journalist is running scared”
Cannon ball
• Fact based accountability news.. the essential food of democracy”
• The info. produce by print journalist is what feeds material for everyone else→ o’reily video
objective scientific approach
testing my ideas through reporting
-throw out or modify ideas that do not stand up to scrutiny
*process of testing & reforming
neutrality
elements; not a fundamental principle of journalism
-it is a voice or device to persuade your audience of one is accuracy or fairness
Talk/argument culture—opinion-based “talking heads” are less expensive to produce than investigative reports.
easier for them to find vault then a valued opinion
ex. Bill O'reily
David Protess concentric circles- visualizing the reporting process
center- real people, witnesses, experts, etc.
primary sources - scientific reports, census data, testimony
secondary sources- articles, radio reports, etc.
opinionated press
fox news, MSNBC, KOA
they claim fairness, balance, accuracy
they want you to believe they are reliable, even neutral arbiters of truth
drop the objective method simply to make a better argument
unity of method
many forms of journalism
-accuracy
-a professional discipline of verification
-a unity of method to verify facts
never add-
-never add anything that was not there→ oj simpson photo- don’t make suspects face darker in pic., or add aritifical sound that wasn’t there for visuals, add words to quotes not there
-never deceive the audience→ ex. national geographic- push pyramids together in pic, don’t rearrange parts of a quote or take out context, don’t ignore evidence because it doesn’t support the point you are trying to make
-be as transparent as possible about your methods and motives→ tell readers who your sources are, if a source must remain anonymous, say why, level with your readers about the limits of your knowledge- ex. climate example
-rely on your won original reporting→ do your own reporting- don’t quote other org., confirm everything independently, find authorative sources others are not using, think outside the box
-exercise humility→ be skeptical of your own ability to know what your reporting has reveled, realize that you may be wrong about an issue
news of assertion
hear something assuming its true, instead of getting the real facts
what is the FCC?
federal communication commissions
propaganda
selects facts or invents them to serve the purpose of persuasion and manipulation
fiction
invents scenarios to get a more personal impression of what is called the truth
new media challenges
speed vs accuracy
transparency
partially
social media