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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are four serious electrophysiological effects of Digitalis toxicosis?
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Sinus bradycardia
sinoatrial arrest of exit block second or third degree AV conduction delay Ventricular dysrythmias |
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What are the four broad causes for Digitalis toxicity?
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overdose
increased absorbtion decreased renal clearance hypokalemic state |
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What are the GI signs of Digitalis tox?
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colic
anorexia vomiting diarrhea |
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What are the neurologic signs of Digitalis tox?
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depression
fatigue confusion dizziness |
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What is the mechanism of action for Bypyridine derivitives?
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the inhibit PDE which increases cAMP = increased calcium concentrations in the myocardial cells
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Drugs to decrease Preload:
What is the mechanism of action of nitroglycerin and when is it's use indicated? |
It directly relaxes venous smooth muscle and provides the precurser for NO
It is used for the treatment of acute cardiogenic pulmonary edema |
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what is the mechanism of action of hydralazine?
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It is a direct-acting arteriolar dialator. It prevents calcium influx into smooth muscle.
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What are the general effects of ACE inhibitors in patients with excessive RAAS?
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prevent venous and arterial constriction
reduce Na retention and water retention by inhibiting aldosterone release |
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What is the mechanism of action for Sodium nitroprusside and when is it indicated for use?
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It is a direct acting arteriolar and venodilator
It is used in acute/severe hypertension, acute heart failure secondary to mitral regurgitation |
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Metabolites of what drug can possibly cause cyanide toxicity
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sodium nitroprusside
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what ion channels are affected by class I, III, and IV?
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Class I - Block Na channels
class III - block outward K channels class IV - Ca channel blockers |
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What drug is used to treat A fib in the horse?
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quinidine
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What is the protocol for quinidine treatment for a fib in the horse?
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give through stomach tube and use test dose to monitor for toxicity.
10-15g doses every 3 hrs for 3 doses |
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What is a serious side effect of lidocaine use?
what is an early warning sign? |
seizures
nystagmus |
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Amiodarone is a class III antiarrhythmic drug which blocks K, what else does it block?
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It is also a Ca and beta blocker
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Sotalol is not only a K blocker, what else does it block?
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It is also a beta blocker
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What are the factors that affect drug detection in race horses?
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urine flow rate
blood flow horse variability feed disease exercise |
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What are some pharmacological factors that affect drug detection?
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Dosage
dosing interval route of admin drug interactions |
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What is a jug?
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one liter of electrolyte with or without extra additives
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What is a runnin jug?
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500 cc usually dexolyte solution
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What is a drench?
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solution given orally or by NG tube
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What is a bleeder?
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Jargon for a horse with EIPH
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What is a block?
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Injection administered sub-Q in problem area
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What is a blister?
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counter-irritant med used to irritate a general area in order to increase blood flow and recruit healing factors
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What are two drugs used for analgesia in lame race horses?
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Sarapin and Methylcarbamine
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Name three drugs that are used to treat gastric ulcers in horses.
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omeprazole
cimetidine ranitidine |
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What is the mechanism of action for heparin?
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It must combine with alpha globulin or antithrobin III. together they inhibit factors in both pathways and inhance degradation of thrombin and decrease thrombin formation
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What is the mechanism of aspirin?
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irreversibly binds to COX 1 and 2in platelets rendering them useless forever
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What test is used to monitor cumarin therapy?
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OSPT test
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What clotting factors are dependent on Vit K?
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II, VII, IX, X
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Name five local hemostatics.
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gelatin sponge
fibrinogen epinephrine hydrochloride silver nitrate cautery |
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What is the mechanism of action for NSAIDS?
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They inhibit COX 1 and COX 2 enzymes
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Which NSAID has an irreversible action?
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aspirin
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how do nsaids decrease elevated body temp?
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by inhibiting COX enzymes, PG synthesis is inhibited and PGE2 is responsible for hypothalamus activation of elevated temp
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Which drug is most associated with anti-thrombotic activity?
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aspirin
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How do Nsaids cause gastric ulcers?
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PG's inhibit acid secretion, promote mucous secretion and inhance mucosal blood flow. nsaids inhibit PG's so ulcers are a risk
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phenylbutazone is used for mostly what kind of pain in horses?
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musculoskeletal
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What is the site of action for loop diuretics?
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thick ascending limb of loop of henle
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What are the indications for furosamide use?
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treatment of CHF to reduce preload
acute pulmonary edema edema caused by renal insufficiency mammary edema in cattle hypertension prevent EIPH in horses |
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Waht are the contraindications for furosamide usage?
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anuria
severe volume depletion hypersensitivity to sulfonamides |
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What is the site of action for Triamterene?
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late distal tubule and collecting duct
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What properties must osmotic diuretics have?
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freely filterable
limited reabsorption pahrmacologically inert should not be metabolized |
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How does Digoxin work as a positive ionotrope?
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Inhibits the Na-K ATPase in myocytes Since Ca moves out of the cell with Na, Ca is sequestered in the SR and more is available during contracction
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How does Digoxin work as a negative chronotrope?
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slows AV nodal conduction and ventricular response to A.fibb
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What broad classes of drugs would one use to reduce preload?
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diuretics
vasodialators ACE inhibitors |
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Which K+ sparing diuretic competes with aldosterone for binding sites in the late distal tubule?
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spironolactone
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How are K+ sparing diuretics administered?
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orally
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