Joints Review

Front 1

Structural Classification of Joints

Back 1

focus on material binding bones together and whether a joint cavity is present.

Structural categories are more clear cut and used here

fibrous
cartilaginous
synovial

Front 2

Functional Classification of Joints

Back 2

based on amount of movement allowed at the joint

synarthroses
amphiarthroses
diarthroses

Front 3

Synarthroses

Back 3

Immovable joints

Mainly in axial skeleton

Front 4

Amphiarthroses

Back 4

slightly movable joints

Mainly in axial skeleton

Front 5

Diarthroses

Back 5

freely movable joints

Predominate in the limbs

Front 6

Fibrous Joints

Back 6

Joined by fibrous tissue, dense fibrous CT
No joint cavity present
Amount of movement depends on length of CT tissue fibers and most are immovable.

Front 7

3 types of fibrous joints

Back 7

1. Sutures
2. Syndesmoses
3. Gomphoses

Front 8

Sutures

Back 8

"seams"
Only found between bones of skull
Bone edges interlock and junction completely filled by minimal amount of short CT fibers that are continuous with periosteum
Closed sutures in later life are called synostoses

Front 9

Syndesmoses

Back 9

Bones are connected exclusively by ligaments, cords, or bands of CT.
Amount of movement allowed in joint depends on length of CT fibers

Front 10

Gomphoses

Back 10

peg-in-socket fibrous joint
Only example in body is articulation between a tooth with its bony alveolar socket
Peridontal ligament is the fibrous connector

Front 11

Cartilaginous Joints

Back 11

articulating bones are joined by cartilage
No joint cavity present
Not highly movable

Front 12

2 Types of Cartilaginous Joints

Back 12

Synchondroses
Symphyses

Front 13

Synchondroses

Back 13

Bar or plate of hyaline cartilage unites the bones
"junction of cartilage"

ex. epiphyseal plates, costal cartilage of first rib and sternum

Front 14

Symphyses

Back 14

Fibrocartilage unites bones
Acts as a shock absorber
Limited movement permitted
Hyaline cartilage also present on articular surfaces of bones
Designed for strength with flexibility

ex. intervertebral joints and pubic symphysis

Front 15

Synovial Joints

Back 15

articulating bones are seperated by a fluid filled joint cavity.
Permits substantial movement
Nearly all joints of the limbs

Front 16

6 distinguishing Features of Synovial Joints

Back 16

1. Articular cartilage
2. Joint (articular) cavity
3. Articular Capsule
4. Synovial fluid
5. Reinforcing ligaments
6. Nerves and Blood Vessels

Front 17

Joint Cavity

Back 17

Feature unique to synovial joints
Potential space that has a small amount of synovial fluid

Front 18

Articular Capsule

Back 18

Two-layered capsule
External fibrous layer composed of dense irregular CT continuous with periostea of articulating bones and it strengthens the joint
Inner synovial membrane composed of loose CT that covers all internal joint surface where there is no hyaline cartilage. Makes synovial fluid

Front 19

Synovial Fluid

Back 19

Occupies all free spaces within joint capsule
Derived from filtration from blood
Viscous, egg-white consistency from hyaluronic acid but thins during joint activity
Reduces friction between cartilages
Contains phagocytic cells to rid cavity of microorganisms and debris

Front 20

Reinforcing Ligaments

Back 20

Capsular ligaments are thickened parts of the fibrous layer

Extracapsular and intracapsular ligaments

Front 21

Fatty pads

Back 21

Found in joints such as hip and knee
Between fibrous layer and synovial membrane

Front 22

Menisci

Back 22

"cresents"
Discs of fibrocartilage seperating articular surfaces
Extend inward from articular capsule and partially divide synovial cavity
Improve fit between bone ends

Front 23

Bursae

Back 23

Closely associated with synovial joints
Bags of lubricant acting like ball bearings to reduce friction
Flattened, fibrous sacks lined with synovial membrane and containing thin film of synovial fluid
Occur where muscles, ligaments, skin, tendons, or bones rub together

Front 24

Tendon Sheaths

Back 24

Elongated bursa that wraps completely around a tendon subjected to friction
Common where several tendons are crowded together

Front 25

Factors Influencing Stability of Synovial Joints

Back 25

1. Shape of articular surfaces
2. Ligaments (the more ligaments, the stronger the joint)
3. Muscle Tone (usually most important factor)

Front 26

Origin

Back 26

Part of muscle attached to the immovable or less movable bone

Front 27

Insertion

Back 27

End of muscle attached to the less movable bone

Body movement occurs when muscles contract across joints and insertion moves toward origin

Front 28

nonaxial movement

Back 28

slipping movements only since there is no axis around which movement can occur

Front 29

uniaxial movement

Back 29

movement in one plane

Front 30

biaxial and multiaxial movements

Back 30

movement around two or three+ planes

Front 31

3 General Types of Movement

Back 31

Gliding
Angular
Rotation

Front 32

Gliding Movements

Back 32

One flat bone surface glides or slips over another without angulation or rotation

Intercarpal and intertarsal joints
Flat processes of vertebrae

Front 33

Angular Movements

Back 33

Increase or decrease the angle between two bones
Include flexion, extension, hyperextension, abduction, adduction, circumduction

Front 34

Flexion

Back 34

bending movement, usually along the sagittal plane, that decreases the angle of the joint and brings articulating bones closer together

i.e. bending head toward chest

Front 35

Extension

Back 35

reverse of flexion and occurs at same joints
Movement along sagittal plane that increases the angle between articulating bones and straightens a flexed limb

i.e. Straightening a flexed neck

Continuing beyond anatomical position is hyperextension

Front 36

Abduction

Back 36

"moving away"
Movement of a limb away from midline of body along frontal plane

Front 37

Adduction

Back 37

"moving toward"
opposite abduction
Movement of a limb toward the body midline

Front 38

Circumduction

Back 38

moving a limb so that it describes a cone in space
Distal end of limb moves in a circle while the joint is fairly stationary

Consists of all other angular movements in succession

Front 39

Rotation

Back 39

Turning of a bone around its own axis
Only movement allowed between the first two cervical vertebrae
Common at the hip

medial rotation is toward the midline
lateral rotation is away from

Front 40

Special Movements

Back 40

Do not fit in any other categories

Supination(turning backward) and Pronation(turning forward)
Dorsiflexion(lifting toes) and Plantar Flexion(planting toes) of the foot
Inversion (sole turns medially) and Eversion (sole turns laterally)
Protraction and Retraction
Elevation and Depression
Opposition

Front 41

6 Types of Synovial Joints

Back 41

Plane joint
Hinge joint
Pivot joint
Condylar joint
Saddle joint
Ball-and-Socket joint

Front 42

Common Joint Injuries

Back 42

Cartilage tears
Sprains
Dislocations

Front 43

Inflammatory and Degenerative Diseases

Back 43

Bursitis
Tendonitis
arthritis
Lyme disease