Joints

Front 1

Articulation or joint

Back 1

union or junction between two or more bones of the skeleton

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Joint classification

Back 2

joints can be classified by the number of bones articulating with each other

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Simple or compound joints

Back 3

Classified by the number of bones articulating with each other

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Simple joints

Back 4

an articulation between two bones

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Compound joints

Back 5

an articulation between more than two bones (stifle, elbow, carpus and tarsus)

Front 6

structural classifications of joints

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Grouped by their uniting medium into fibrous, cartilaginous and synovial joints

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fibrous joint

Back 7

an articulation united by fibrous tissue. These are often temporary joints that later ossify

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suture

Back 8

a fibrous joint between the skull bones. They are immovable joint tat may ossify with age

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ligamentous joint

Back 9

or syndesmosis. Two bones united by a sheet of fibrous connective tissue (eg attachments between the costal cartilages in the costal arch; and the interosseus ligament connection between the radius and ulna)

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cartilaginous joint

Back 10

an articulation untied by fibrocartilage, hyaline cartilage, or both. these can be slightly movable or immovable

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Hyaline cartilage joint or synchondrosis

Back 11

an immovable, temporary joint of hayaline carilage such as the cariaginous epiphyseal plate uniting the diaphyses and epiphyses of immature bones

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symphysis

Back 12

the fibrocarilaginous joints that occur on the midline of the body. Although they may not ossify with age, they always limit the motion of the joint

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Synovial joint

Back 13

an articulation united by a synovial joint capusule or synovial fluid. Freely movable

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Functional classification of joints

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indicates the degree of motion possible

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immovable joint

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or synarthrosis. fixed, tight union allowing a little or no movement and having great strength

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suture

Back 16

fibrous joint between the skull bones

Front 17

hyaline cartilage joint

Back 17

or cynchondrosis. a carilagenous joint such as seen in the growth plates

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slightly movable joint

Back 18

or amphiarthosis. a joint connected by either connective fibrous tissue or fibrocartilage allowing slight movement

Front 19

Freely moveable joint

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or diarthrosis. synovial joints

Front 20

Gomphosis

Back 20

the fibrous implantation of teeth into the alveoli of the jaw bone. This is not a true joint because the teeth are not part of the skeleton. This peg and socket joint is held together by fibrous connective tissue, the peridontal ligament, that attaches each tooth in its socket

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Synovial Joint

Back 21

characterized by its mobility, joint cavity, synovial fluid, articular cartilage, synovial membrane, and fibrous capsule. The most common type of joint, functionally it is freely moveable

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joint capsule

Back 22

the two layered structure surrounding the joint made of an outer fibrous layer and an inner synovial membrane

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fibrous layer

Back 23

the white and yellow elastic fibrous part of the joint capsule. It attaches to the periosteum on or near the margin of the articular cartilage. Its thickness varies from joint to joint and within each joint

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synovial membrane

Back 24

the inner lining of the fibrous layer. It is highly vascular, nerve rich, and produces synovial fluid. The membrane may extend outside the fibrous layer to communicate with a synovial sheath or to form a bursa under a tendon or ligament

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joint cavity

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a unique feature of a synovial joint. It is little more than a potential space containing a trace of synovial fluid

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synovial fluid

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The viscous liquid produced by the synovial membrane to lubricate the joint, supply nutrients and remove waste from the hyaline articular cartilage. it has the consistency of raw egg white.

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articular cartilage

Back 27

the translucent, bluish-tinged carilage, usually hyaline, covering the articular ends of bones. It reduces the effects of concussion and friction by its compressiblity, elasticity, and smoothness. Varying in thickness between and within joints, the carilage is thickest in areas of high pressure and friction. Having no vascular or nerve supply, articular cartilage depends on synovial fluid to supply nutrients and remove waste products

Front 28

ligaments

Back 28

strong bands of white fibrous connective tissue uniting bones. They function to keep joint surfaces in apposition ans still allow movement. They are usually inelastic ans my be intracapsular or extracapsular

Front 29

extracapsular ligament

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ligaments developing outside of or as part of the joint capsule

Front 30

intracapsular ligament

Back 30

ligaments developing within the joint capsule. They are not within the joint space because the synovial membrane reflects over them

Front 31

Meniscus or disc

Back 31

a plate of fibrocartilage partially or completely dividing a joint cavity. It functions to allow a greather variety of motion and alleviate concussion. Discs are found only in the stifle and temporomandibular joints. Interverebral discs do not divide a joint space

Front 32

tendons

Back 32

the attachments of all muscles. They consist of regularly arranged collagen bundles. Their great tensile strength makes it more likely that excessive tension will rupture the muscle belly or avulse a piece of bone at the attachment that injure the tendon itself. They also have a certain amount of elasticity.

Front 33

synovial bursa and sheath

Back 33

resemble a synovial joint capsule, with a wall consisting of a fibrous layer lined by a synovial membrane and filled with synovial fluid. They are locate between tendons and bony prominences where movement or change in direction results in pressure. Friction is reduced as the opposing layers of the synovial membrane rub against each other instead of the tendon and bone

Front 34

Bursa

Back 34

Synovial bursa. A sac like structure containing synovial fluid located where part of a tendon rubs against a bone. It protects the tendon from damage by allowing the tendon to glide over the skeletal prominences. Bursa can also be located between bony prominences and muscle, ligament and skin.

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Synovial Sheath

Back 35

an elongated structure similar to a bursa that wraps completely around a tendon, making a tube. It is filled with synovial fluid. Sheaths take the place of bursae where more than just a point on a tendon need protection as when a tendon crosses a number of skeletal prominences

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Plane joint

Back 36

Multi-axial articulations having flat articular surfaces allowing a simple gliding or sliding motion (carpal, small tarsals, cranial and caudal articulation between vertebrae

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Ball and socket joint

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A multiaxial articulation consisting of a spheroidal head fitting into a pit or socket allowing universal movement (shoulder, hip joints)

Front 38

hinge joint

Back 38

a uniaxial joint allowing movement at right angles to the bones involved (elbow) (flexion/extension)

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Pivot joint

Back 39

a uniaxial joint allowing rotation around a longitudinal axis of a bone

Front 40

Condylar joint

Back 40

A uniaxial joint formed by two condyles of one bone fitting into concavities of another bone. Flexion and extension and a little rotation are permitted by such a joint (femorotibial joints, temporomandibular)

Front 41

Joints of the skull

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Temporomanibular joint
Sutures of the skull
Symphysis of the mandible
Joints of the auditory ossicles
Joints of the hyoid apparatus

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Joint of the vertebral column

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Atlanto-occipital (yes) joint
Atlantoaxial (no) joint
Joints of the vertebral articular processes
Nuchal ligament
Supraspinous ligament
Intervertebral discs

Front 43

Joints - Thorax

Back 43

Costovertebral disc
Sternocostal joint
Costochondral joint

Front 44

Joints of the Thoracic limb

Back 44

Scapulohumeral joint
cubital joint
carpus
Antebrachiocarpal joint
Middle carpal
carpometacarpal joint
metacarpophalangeal joint
Proximal interphalangeal joint PIP
distal interphalangeal joint DIP
Collateral ligaments (medial and lateral)

Front 45

Joints of the Pelvic limb

Back 45

Sacroiliac joint
sacotuberous ligament
Pelvic symphysis
hip
ligament of the head of the femur
stifle joint
femoropatellar joint
medial and lateral femorotibial joints
patellar ligament
Menisci
Cranial cruciate ligament
tarsus or hock
tarsocrural joint
proximal intertarsal joint
distal intertarsal joint
Tarsometatarsal joint