Joints

Front 1

Types of joints

Back 1

1- Continuous (synarthroses) (no movement)
2- Discontinuous (diarthroses) (freely moveable)

Front 2

Types of continuous joints

Back 2

1- Fibrous (syndesmosis)
2- Cartilaginous (synchondrosis)

ex fib: Interosseous membrane, Ligamentum Flavum, Sutures of the skull, Gomphosis (periodontal tissue)

ex cart: Hyaline cartilage between the bones, e.g.: Epiphysial disk. eg: between the epiphysis and the diaphysis, or the joints between the 3 parts of the hip bone. Secondary: Symphysis

Front 3

Types of discontinuous joints

Back 3

(Diarthroses or Synovial joints)

1- Articular surfaces: Hyaline or Fibrocartilage
2- Articular capsule: composed of Synovial and Fibrous membranes
3- Joint cavity: Synovial fluid

Front 4

prevent friction between the tissue and the bones

Back 4

Bursa

Front 5

Fluid inside joint cavity

Back 5

Synovial

Front 6

Angle of _______ is the movement of the joint around the axis

Back 6

excursion

Front 7

Abnormal adhesion of the bones of a joint

Back 7

Ankylosis

Front 8

Classification of joints

Back 8

1. Number of articular surfaces (simple, compound)
2. Axes (monoaxial, biaxial, or multiaxial)
3. Degree of freedom (1, 2, or 3 (all))
4. Shape (hinge, pivot, plane, ellipsoidal, saddle, ball&socket)

Front 9

Intervertebral disc

Back 9

joints between the vertebrae

Front 10

Two examples of Ball and socket joint

Back 10

shoulder joint and the hip joint

3 degrees of freedom

Front 11

Hinge Joint

Back 11

Monoaxial, 1 degree of freedom; flexion/ extension

interphalangeal, ankle; one of the things the knee does

Front 12

Pivot joints (trochoid)

Back 12

radioulnar; 1 degree freedom
Movement: supination and pronation

Front 13

Example of Saddle Joint (sellar)

Back 13

thumb

2 degrees of freedom

Front 14

Plane joints

Back 14

b/w 2 flat or slightly curved surfaces, make gliding movement possible;
ex: zygoapophyseal joints b/w vertebrae

Front 15

Synovial fluid produced by

Back 15

synovial membrane, released into joint and into joint surfaces (hyaline cartilage)

Front 16

ellipsoidal joints

Back 16

multiaxial; 2 degrees of freedom
radiocarpal joint

Front 17

Shoulder joint

Back 17

Ball and socket, 3 degrees of freedom; Coracohumaral Ligament superiorly (7) and
3 weak glenohumeral ligaments (sup, middle, inf).; coracoacromial ligament restricts movement

Dislocation is common: anterior dislocation: Injury to the axillary nerve

Front 18

Elbow joint

Back 18

synovial compound; 3 joints; Humeroulnar is a hinge joint; Humeroradial joint: ball and socket that does not function like ball and socket; Joints between radius and ulna are pivot joints

Front 19

elbow dysfunctions

Back 19

Ulnar (medial) collateral ligament injury sprain:
Leads to abnormal abduction of the forearm.

Radial (lateral) collateral ligament injury sprain:
Adduction of forearm is disturbed.

Pulled elbow: subluxation of the head of the radius

Reduction: pressing radial head posteriorly (elbow
flexed), then extend and supinate the forearm

Front 20

Wrist (radiocarpal) joint

Back 20

synovial; Ellipsoid type; The joint between carpal bones (midcarpal) is S shape. There is a little movement between the bones of first row but almost no movement between the 2nd row and between these and the metacarpals.

Front 21

Hip joint

Back 21

NN: Sciatic N., Femoral N. & Obturator N.
5 ligaments; 4 extracapsular; restrict movement of femur to a degree

Front 22

Intracapsular ligament b/w acetabulum and head of femur; important for blood supply, esp in children

Back 22

ligament of head of femur

Front 23

Largest joint supporting body weight

Back 23

Knee joint

Side supporting ligaments:
Collateral ligaments, lateral collateral ligament, and the Iliotibial tract

Front 24

Type of joint: knee

Back 24

hinge (bicondylar) synovial; in-congruent so have menisci to facilitate movement of the joint

Front 25

Phases of knee extension

Back 25

Initial phase: Rotation of femoral condyles
Intermediate: femur glides forward
Terminal (screw-home): medial rotation

Front 26

ACL and PCL

Back 26

Anterior Cruciate Ligament: prevents backward sliding of femur, locks knee in extension

Posterior Cruciate Ligament: prevents femur from forward sliding

Are intracapsular but not inside the joint cavity

Front 27

Popliteus Muscle

Back 27

Flexes and unlocks knee; laterally rotates the femur on tibia

Front 28

Tears of the Menisci

Back 28

Longitudinal and transverse; Mostly during partial flexion and lateral rotation

Medial meniscus 20 times more than the lateral one.

Front 29

Anterior drawer test

Posterior drawer test

Back 29

examiner sits on the patient's feet and grasps the patient's tibia and pulls it forward (ant) Or backward (post)

If tibia pulls forward/ backward more than normal test is positive

Excessive displacement of the tibia anteriorly = ACL likely torn

Excessive posterior displacement tibia = PCL likely torn

Front 30

Unhappy triad

Back 30

"Blown knee"; injury to the anterior cruciate ligament, medial collateral ligament, and the meniscus.

So: Can happen during skiing (caught-edge fall), football (clipping), or when knee locked and someone kicks from behind causing injury to ACL, MCL, and Meniscus

Front 31

Ant/ post drawer phenomenon ?

Back 31

click in knee when doing stress test or a shift means that the ACL has gone or a jerk or gliding somewhere ?

Front 32

wobbly joint

Back 32

still move/ degrees of freedom, even when locked

Front 33

Ankle (talocrural) Joint

Back 33

monoaxial; hinge; plantar and dorsiflexion; deltoid, post/ ant talofibular, calcaneofibular ligaments
mostly Inversion sprains

Treatment: RICE

Front 34

Sprains

Back 34

stretching or tearing of ligaments of joint. Painful; complete rupture requires surgical repair or removal

Front 35

RICE

Back 35

Treatment of sprains.
Stands for:
Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation

Front 36

Dislocation (luxation) (Injury)

Back 36

when bones of the joint are forced out of alignment

Front 37

Subluxation (Injury)

Back 37

partial or incomplete dislocation of the joint

Front 38

Torn cartilage (injury)

Back 38

mainly in the knee joint. Surgical repair and removal of the torn
parts (loose body) through arthroscopic surgery

Front 39

Bursitis and tendinitis

Back 39

inflammation of the bursa or tendon

Front 40

Housemaid’s knee

Back 40

prepatellar bursitis

Front 41

Student’s elbow or Olecranon bursitis

Back 41

development of a bursa on posterior aspect of elbow

Front 42

Arthritis

Back 42

inflammation or degeneration of the joints accompanied by pain,
swelling and stiffness.

Front 43

Rheumatoid arthritis

Back 43

autoimmune disease, severe inflammation of the joints.

Front 44

Ankylosing spondylitis

Back 44

kind of rheumatoid arthritis affecting sacroiliac joints
and vertebrae (mainly in males).

Front 45

Osteoarthritis

Back 45

degenerative condition involving articular cartilages mainly in
weight-bearing joints.

Front 46

Lyme disease

Back 46

arthritis caused by bacteria transmitted by tick bites.

Front 47

Gouty arthritis

Back 47

Inflammation caused by high blood levels of uric acid and
deposition of urate salts in the synovial membranes.

Front 48

Location and clinical use of Suprapatellar bursa

Back 48

between the lower part of the thigh and the tendon of the quadriceps muscle
Arthrocentesis (synovial fluid aspiration) to identify etiology of acute arthritis) or therapeutic (pain relief, drainage of septic effusion, or injection of medications)