Joints

Front 1

Joint

Back 1

a point of contact between two or more bones, between cartilage and bones, or between teeth and bones.

Front 2

Arthrology

Back 2

the scientific study of joints.

Front 3

Kinesiology

Back 3

the study of movement.

Front 4

Structural classification of joints

Back 4

based on presence or absence of (1) a synovial cavity (2) type of connecting tissue - (fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial)

Front 5

Functional classification of joints

Back 5

synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, diarthrosis

Front 6

Synarthrosis

Back 6

immovable (bones of skull)

Front 7

Ampharthrosis

Back 7

slightly moveable (vertebrae)

Front 8

Diarthrosis

Back 8

freely moveable (knee, hip, elbow, etc.)

Front 9

Fibrous Joints

Back 9

lack a synovial cavity, bones are held closely together by fibrous connective tissue, permit little or no movement

Front 10

3 types of Fibrous Joints

Back 10

Sutures,syndesmoses, gomphoses

Front 11

Sutures

Back 11

thin layer of dense fibrous connective tissue, immovable (synarthrosis), fuses and hardens in adults (becomes synostosis)

Front 12

Syndemosis

Back 12

the bones are united by fibrous ligaments, slightly moveable. (ex fibula/tibia held together by interosseous membrane)

Front 13

Gomphosis

Back 13

tooth socket, immovable

Front 14

Cartilaginous Joints

Back 14

lack synovial cavity, allow little movement, bones tightly connected by fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage,

Front 15

2 types of cartilaginous joints

Back 15

synchondroses, symphyses - plural

synchondrosis, symphysis - singular

Front 16

Synchondrosis

Back 16

connecting material is hyaline cartilage, immovable, epiphyseal plate in long bone or in joints between ribs and sternum

Front 17

Symphysis

Back 17

connecting tissue is fibrocartilage, ampharthrosis, invertebral discs, pubic symphysis.

Front 18

Synovial Joints

Back 18

diarthrosis, flexible but less stable

Front 19

Synovial or Articular Capsule

Back 19

encloses the synovial cavity and unites the articulating bones.

Front 20

What are the two layers of the synovial or articular capsule?

Back 20

outer fibrous (contains ligaments) and inner synovial membrane ( which secretes a lubricating and joint nourishing synovial fluid)

Front 21

What is the function of synovial membrane?

Back 21

lines capsule and secretes slippery synovial fluid, brings nutrients to articular cartilage.

Front 22

What is the function of synovial membrane?

Back 22

lines capsule and secretes slippery synovial fluid, brings nutrients to articular cartilage.

Front 23

What is the function of accessory ligaments?

Back 23

stabilize joints.

Front 24

What is the function of accessory ligaments?

Back 24

stabilize joints.

Front 25

What are the kinds of accessoy ligaments?

Back 25

extracapsular or intracapsular

Front 26

What are the kinds of accessoy ligaments?

Back 26

extracapsular or intracapsular

Front 27

What is the function of articular discs or menisci?

Back 27

attached around edge to capsule. Allow 2 bones of different shape to fit tightly. Increase stability of joint. Contain bursae.

Front 28

What is the function of articular discs or menisci?

Back 28

attached around edge to capsule. Allow 2 bones of different shape to fit tightly. Increase stability of joint. Contain bursae.

Front 29

Bursae

Back 29

saclike structures between structures, skin/bone, tendon/bone, or ligament bone.

Front 30

Bursae

Back 30

saclike structures between structures, skin/bone, tendon/bone, or ligament bone.

Front 31

What are the movements of synovial joints?

Back 31

Gliding, Angular

Front 32

What are the movements of synovial joints?

Back 32

Gliding, Angular

Front 33

Gliding movement of synovial joints

Back 33

occur when relatively flat bone surfaces move back and forth and from side to side with respect to one another. Planar joints.

Front 34

Gliding movement of synovial joints

Back 34

occur when relatively flat bone surfaces move back and forth and from side to side with respect to one another. Planar joints.

Front 35

Planar joints

Back 35

between bones in wrist.

Front 36

Planar joints

Back 36

between bones in wrist.

Front 37

Angular movements

Back 37

in angular movements there is an inrease or a decrease in the angle between articulating bones.

Front 38

Angular movements

Back 38

in angular movements there is an inrease or a decrease in the angle between articulating bones.

Front 39

Extension

Back 39

straighten a limb

Front 40

Extension

Back 40

straighten a limb

Front 41

What is the function of synovial membrane?

Back 41

lines capsule and secretes slippery synovial fluid, brings nutrients to articular cartilage.

Front 42

What is the function of accessory ligaments?

Back 42

stabilize joints.

Front 43

What are the kinds of accessoy ligaments?

Back 43

extracapsular or intracapsular

Front 44

What is the function of articular discs or menisci?

Back 44

attached around edge to capsule. Allow 2 bones of different shape to fit tightly. Increase stability of joint. Contain bursae.

Front 45

Bursae

Back 45

saclike structures between structures, skin/bone, tendon/bone, or ligament bone.

Front 46

What are the movements of synovial joints?

Back 46

Gliding, Angular

Front 47

Gliding movement of synovial joints

Back 47

occur when relatively flat bone surfaces move back and forth and from side to side with respect to one another. Planar joints.

Front 48

Planar joints

Back 48

between bones in wrist.

Front 49

Angular movements

Back 49

in angular movements there is an inrease or a decrease in the angle between articulating bones.

Front 50

Extension

Back 50

straighten a limb

Front 51

Flexion

Back 51

bending a limb

Front 52

Hyperextension

Back 52

bending a limb beyond anatomical position

Front 53

Lateral Flexion

Back 53

movement of the trunk sideways to the right or left at the waist.

Front 54

Abduction

Back 54

to move a bone away from the midline

Front 55

Adduction

Back 55

to move a bone toward the midline

Front 56

Circumduction

Back 56

movement of a distal end of a body part in a circle; combination of flexion, extension, adduction and abduction movements.

Front 57

Rotation

Back 57

bone revolves around its own longitudinal axis.

Front 58

Medial rotation

Back 58

turning of anterior surface in towards the midline. (ball and socket type joints)

Front 59

Lateral rotation

Back 59

turning of anterior surface away from midline. (ball and socket type joints)

Front 60

Special Movements of the Mandible

Back 60

Elevation, Depression, Protraction, Retraction

Front 61

Elevation

Back 61

an upward movement of a part of the body.

Front 62

Depression

Back 62

downward movement of a part of the body

Front 63

Protraction

Back 63

movement of part of the body anteriorly in the transverse plane.

Front 64

Retraction

Back 64

movement of a protracted part back to the anatomical position

Front 65

Inversion

Back 65

movement of the soles of feet so they face toward each other.

Front 66

Eversion

Back 66

movement of the soles so they face away from each other.

Front 67

Dorsiflexion

Back 67

pointing toes up

Front 68

Plantar flexion

Back 68

pointing toes down.

Front 69

Supination

Back 69

the palm is turned up.

Front 70

Pronation

Back 70

the palm is turned down.

Front 71

Opposition

Back 71

the thumb moves across the palm to touch the tips of the finger on the same hand.

Front 72

Synovial Joints include:

Back 72

Planar Joint, Hinge Joint, Pivot Joint, Condyloid/Ellipsidal Joint, Saddle Joint, Ball and Socket Joint

Front 73

Planar Joint

Back 73

bone surfaces are flat or slightly curved, move side to side or back and forth only (ex: between tarsals, between sternum and collarbone)

Front 74

Hinge Joint

Back 74

convex surface of 1 bone fits into concave surface of 2nd bone, moves in one plane (ex: knee, elbow, ankle)

Front 75

Pivot Joint

Back 75

rounded surface of one bone rticulates with ring formed by another bone & ligaments (ex: radius and ulna at elbow, atlas/axis joint)

Front 76

Condyloid or Ellipsoidal Joint

Back 76

oval shaped projectio fits into oval depression (ex: wrist and metacarpophealangeal joints)

Front 77

Saddle Joint

Back 77

one bone is saddled-shaped, other bone fits as a person would sitting in that saddle. (ex: base of thumb)

Front 78

Ball & Socket Joint

Back 78

round ball fits into a cuplike depression which allows movement in several directions. (Ex: shoulder joint and hip joint)

Front 79

Joints and Effects of Aging

Back 79

decreased production of synovial fluid, a thinning of articular cartilage, adn loss of ligament length and flexibility due to genetic factors and wear and tear.

Front 80

Arthroscopy

Back 80

internal examination of a joint done with a pencil size instrument

Front 81

Anthroplasty

Back 81

replacement of joints

Front 82

Osteoarthritis

Back 82

degenerative joint disease due to aging, wear and tear, no swelling, only cartilage is affected. Can produce bone spurs. Pain on wakening which dissapears with movement.

Front 83

Gouty Arthritis

Back 83

urate crystals build up in joints, cause pain. (Waste product of DNA & RNA metabolism which builds up in blood causing swelling. Bones can fuse and reduce mobility.

Front 84

Rheumatoid Arthritis

Back 84

autoimmune disorder in which cartilage is attacked by immune system causing pain and swelling.

Front 85

Sprain vs. Strain

Back 85

Sprain is worse. Twisting of joint that stretches or tears ligaments and may cause bruising.