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15 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The three parts of philosophy according to Stoicism
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Logic - the rational order which the universe exhibits
Physics - the causal order which the universe exhibits Ethics - the moral order which the universe exhibits |
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Deus sive natura
who advocated it? what is its significance? |
Another word for pantheism
Stoics - Nature is God 1. God is material 2. Nature is rational - intelligent and intelligible 3. Nature is good - it is moral and providential |
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pneuma
who advocated it? what is its significance? |
Stoics
divided the universe into the active and the passive matter is passive and the rational principle (logos--God) is active. God then is like a craftsman. This active principle is a special kind of fire (pneuma) which inheres in matter and that nature is craftsman like in its use of this fire |
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Zeno's syllogistic argument that nature is God
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That which is rational is better than that which is irrational
Nothing is better than the cosmos Therefore the cosmos is rational Repeat for qualities like eternal, happy, wise, etc. |
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Zeno's (non-syllogistic) argument that nature is God
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if something has the ability to perceive then none of its parts have the ability to perceive
Some parts of the cosmos do have the ability to perceive Therefore the cosmos does not lack the ability to perceive Similarly, nothing which lacks life can produce from itself something which is alive, therefore the cosmos is alive and rational. |
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Argument from consensus omnium
Who made it? What is it? |
Stoics - Circero
There is agreement among all societies that there are Gods |
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Argument from intelligent design.
who made it? what is it? |
Stoics
Just as artifacts exhibit an intricate and beautiful organization, so too does the universe (even more so). Every artifact is designed by an intelligent being. Similar effects have similar causes. The universe was designed by an intelligent being |
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Eternal reccurence
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Fire is the arche and thus is the stuff by which God is made out of. God created the world out of himself (fire) and as such all things will pass away into fire into a great conflagration. Stoics thought that because the end state is identical to the beginning state, then it is conceivable that all things should occur again exactly as they have occured.
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Why does Plato think that philosophy is a preparation for death?
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True knowledge consists in knowledge of the forms.
No knowledge of the forms can be derived from sense perception Knowledge of the forms can only be gained through thought No thought can come from the body, but only from the (immortal) soul Philosophy is the practice of arriving at knowledge of the forms and hence the practice of learning how to reason better. Thought works best when it is free from sense perception Death is absolutely free from all sense perception and hence the best state in which to reason Hence a Philosopher, who aims at the best state in which to reason, aims at achieving a state of death Therefore philosophy is a preparation for death |
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Plato's argument that we have knowledge of the Forms before birth
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Anytime we perceive something as equal, we use our knowledge of equal itself, of what equal is
Anything equal which we can perceive is equal to some things, but not to others Equal itself is never unequal; it is unvaryingly equal Equal itself is not something we can perceive All knowledge that we have gained since birth is of things that can be perceived Therefore we gained our knowledge of the equal before birth *Repeat for any of the forms |
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Plato's argument from recollection for the immortality of the soul
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If at some time, someone recollects something, they must have learned it at some earlier time
We can recollect things which we could not have learned since we were embodied at birth Hence, there are things we learned before we were in embodied at birth Whenever someone learns something, they are alive and have a soul Therefore we were alive and had souls before birth |
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What is the harmonia objection to Plato's argument for the immortality of the soul
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Tuning [harmonia] is something invisible that is attached to something visible, physical, bodily, and perishable. But tunings perish with the instrument. Plato's argument leaves out the possibility that the soul simply supervenes on the body as something seperate, but not thereby independent.
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logos
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four meanings:
1. units of speech 2. account, explanation 3. proportion, ratio 4. intellect understanding |
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substance dualism of plato
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Phaedo
The soul and the body are nonidentical the soul is independent of the body |
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What is the argument against motion to which Leucippus responded?
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Nothing moves unless there is a place it can move into
Something can move into a place only if it is filled with (a) emptiness or (b) something that is not fully dense But something is not fully dense only if some portion of its volume is emptiness Something can move into a place only if some portion of its volume is emptiness Nothing moves unless there is emptiness But emptiness is nothing- there is no such thing Therefore Nothing moves |
