Jew Civ *terms*

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Atonism

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belief in Ra

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Henotheism

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accepting that there are multiple Gods but that they are inferior to your God

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Fiscus Judaicus

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punitive tax imposed on the Judeans by the Romans

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Zoroastrianism

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system of religion founded in Persia in the 6th century BCE by Zoroaster; based on the concept of struggle between good and evil

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Exogesis

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look into the text to find the answers

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Eisogesis

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look into the text to prove theories correct

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Mishnah

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commentary of the laws of the Torah

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Talmud

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commentary on the Mishnah that became the authoritative sourcebook of rabbinic Judaism for the Jews worldwide and is still used today by Orthodox Jews

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Midrash

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a collection of sermons as illustrations included in the Talmud

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Madina al Zahra

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palace built outside of Cordova

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Khazaria

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Jewish kingdom in Soviet Union defeated by Peter of Kiev who exiled Jewish people spreading them to Poland and Lithuania

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Taifas

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kingdoms throughout Spain

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Rhennish communities

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SHUM along the Rhine River who acted as one and were told to convert or die

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Responsa

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answers to questions posed to the geonim

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Spanish Inquisition

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era during which a Christian could be denounced either for observing Jewish customs or for appearing the be insufficiently Christian in behavior

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Heresy

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Do something in opposition of the Catholic Church

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Ottoman Empire

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transformed from the Byzantine Empire; where most Jews went when they fled Spain in 1492

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Salonika

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city in the Ottoman Empire where many Jews fled during the Inquisition; became the metropolis of Sephardic life

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Ladino

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Language of the Sephardic Jews (mixture of Spanish, Portuguese, and Hebrew)

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Safed

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became the most important of the revived Palestinian communities for Jewish life

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Donmeh

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a group of Shabbetai Zevi’s followers who still exist in modern Turkey today

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Capitulations

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treaties designed to permit the establishment of commercial colonies for international trade

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Yiddish

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Language of Ashkenazi Jews (mixture of German and Hebrew)

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Averroistic

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realistic

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Hakham Bashi

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the rabbinical authority who organized the Jewish community into the millet system

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Damascus Affair

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a serious blood libel in the Middle East in which a Jewish barber was accused of killing a monk in order to use his blood for Passover

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Renaissance

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period in history of the greatest forward movement in human civilization that shifted focus from God to human beings

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Soncino

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Printing press that originated in Turkey and has since moved to London (Torah translations)

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Alliance Israelite Universelle

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founded in Paris in 1860 in order to work for the emancipation, welfare, and improvement of Jews worldwide

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Council of the Four Lands

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a kind of Jewish parliament that regulated Jewish life in eastern Europe

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Condotta

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a contract granted to individual Jews by the local governments to live in a place for a stipulated number of years on the condition that they would establish a pawn brokerage

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Mahamad

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the Dutch Jewish community organization

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Thirty Years War

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war that devastated Europe from 1618 to 1648

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Jep! Jep! Disturbances

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anti-Semitic riots

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Deist

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Believing that God created the world and then backed out

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Reconstructionist Judasim

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studying all things Jewish except Jewish theology

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Polydoxy

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many ways of looking at things

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Sanhedrin

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Jewish court convened by Napoleon where he asked 90 rabbis if French or Jewish law was higher. They answered that the law of the land was the law, so they were permitted to live in France among all people (out of the ghettos)

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Sancta

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Mordecai Kaplan’s term for sacred things

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Rosh Hashanah

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New Years according to the Lunar Calendar (a time of introspection)

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Yom Kippur

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Day of Atonement (Fasting)

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Passover

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Primary Meaning = Agriculture; Secondary meaning = Exodus from Egypt; Tertiary meaning = Freedom

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Shevuot

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Primary Meaning = Agriculture; Secondary meaning = Time of the giving of the Torah; Tertiary meaning = Learning and knowledge

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Sukkot

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Primary Meaning = Agriculture; Secondary meaning = wandering; Tertiary meaning = shelter

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Hanukkah

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holiday that represents the rededication of the temple by Judah Maccabee and the Hasmoneans

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Appocrypha

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contains the 2 books of Maccabees in which the story of Hanukkah is told

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Purim

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tells the story of the book of Esther

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3 ideals of French revolution

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Liberty, equality, and brotherhood

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Religious Zionism

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God will lead the Jewish people back to Jerusalem

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Political Zionism

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Not waiting for God to lead the Jews to Israel: the people will do it themselves

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Pogrom

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attack against the Jewish community (mid 19th to early 20th century)

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Alsace Loraine

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Border of France and Germany

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Alsatian

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Jews that left Alsace Loraine during the mid 19th century and settled in North America (mainly were peddlers- exs. Neiman, Marcus, Gimble)

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Minhag America

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prayer book written by Isaac Mayer Wise

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Pale of Settlement

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the only area in which Jews were permitted to reside; it consisted of the territories they already inhabited and some territories recently annexed from Turkey that the Russians wished to colonize

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Jewish Statue

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Promised “maximum liberties, minimum restrictions.” It authorized admission of Jews to Russian schools and permitted Jews to open their own schools if they were operated in Russian, Polish or German, but it prohibited them from residing or leasing land in villages and from selling alcoholic beverages to peasants

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Shtetls

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Jewish market towns

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Hasidism

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a popular religious movement tinged by mysticism

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May Laws of 1882

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expelled the Jews from villages and confined them to towns and townlets within the Pale of Settlement

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B'nai B'rith

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a Far Eastern territory that was billed as a “Jewish Land” that, in 1934, was declared an “autonomous Jewish region”

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Hebrew Union College

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Founded by Issac Mayer Wise in 1875; it taught people English and Reform Judaism

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Jewish Theological Seminary

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established by Solomon Schechter because people wanted a more middle ground form of Judaism (Conservative Judaism)

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Pittsburgh Platform

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19th century document in the history of the American Reform Movement in Judaism that called for Jews to adopt a modern approach to the practice of their faith

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American Jewish Congress

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an attempt to create an overall structure through which American Jewry could coordinate Jewish policy that came to be dominated by eastern European Jews

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Red Scare

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anti-communist movement in the US from 1919-1921

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City College of New York

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provided thousands of Jews with the education that enabled them to join higher professions

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National Socialist Party

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Germany's Nazi party organized and led by Adolf Hitler

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Mein Kampf

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Hitler’s early political manifesto in which he said that Germany would only recover if the Jews were destroyed

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Nuremberg Laws of 1933

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stripped Jews of German citizenship and prohibited intermarriage and imposed other restrictions and regulations

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Dachau

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one of the first concentration camps that was built in 1933

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Kristallnacht

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on this night, Jewish businesses and synagogues throughout Germany were damaged or destroyed and Jewish individuals were brutalized in a nationwide pogrom

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“The final solution of the Jewish problem”

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the systematic extermination of the entire Jewish population

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Hibbat Movement

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Jewish Love of Zion movement

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Bilu movement

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the first of the nationalist Jewish organizations, emigrating to Palestine as a group

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"The Jewish State"

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Book by Herzl in which he argued forcefully for the establishment of a Jewish state

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"Old-New Land"

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Book by Herzl in which he spoke prophetically about the social and technological achievement of which such a Jewish state would be capable

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First Zionist Congress

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organized by Herzl in Switzerland in 1897, based on Political Zionism

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Kibutz

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collective settlement

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Moshav

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cooperative settlement

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Balfour Declaration

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“The British government view with favor the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people, and will use their best endeavors to facilitate the achievement of this object.”

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The Jewish Agency

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served as the pre-state Jewish government before the establishment of Israel and later became the mandated organization in charge of immigration and absorption of Jews from the Diaspora

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Revisionist Movement

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a right-wing movement in opposition to the Labor Zionist Parties

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Peel Commission

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empowered by the British government to study the problems of the Palestine mandate, concluding that the national aspirations of Jews and Arabs were irreconcilable and that the territory should again be partitioned (Labor was in favor, Revisionists were opposed)

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White Paper

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issued by the British in 1939, severely restricting Jewish immigration to Palestine and, in effect, rescinding the Balfour Declaration

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Knesset

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the Jewish parliament

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Law of Return

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enacted by the Knesset, it entitled Jewish immigrants to immediate, automatic citizenship to Israel

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“The Zionist Entity”

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what Arabic press called Israel

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War of Attrition

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consisted of intermittent fighting between Egypt and Israel that continued until 1972

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Lukid Party

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descendant of the Old Revisionist party

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Hezbollah

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an Iran-backed Islamic fundamentalist movement that set off a new wave of terrorism

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Declaration of Principles

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signed in 1993; the agreement mapped out a phased process of Israeli retreat from the territories and gradual assumption of control by the Palestinians as an entity called the “Palestinian Authority"

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Lubavitch campaign

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tried to get people to become Orthodox Jews

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Doctor's Plot

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when Joseph Stalin arrested Jewish doctors of Moscow and charged them with medical assassinations