Jew Civ *people*

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Marniptah

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Egyptian pharaoh who is commemorated in the earliest Jewish inscription

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Ramses II

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Hykso Pharaoh who kicked out aboriginal Egyptians who worshipped multiple Gods and put in place belief in Ra; the Israelite exodus from Egypt occurred during his reign

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Moses

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Responsible for the leading the Jews out of Egypt, consecrating the Israelites as God’s chosen people

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Yahweh

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Common deity that bound the Canaan tribes together

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Saul

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First king of the Israelites

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David

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One of King Saul’s officers who distinguished himself in a combat against Goliath and won a reputation among Judeans as their protector

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Solomon

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The son of David whose reign, along with his father’s, is considered the golden age of Jewish History

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Tiglath-Pileser III

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Powerful Assyrian ruler who turned all of the states of Syria and northern Canaan into a near anarchy

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Nebuchadnezzar

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Babylonian king whose troops destroyed the first temple in Jerusalem in 586 B.C.E

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Cyrus

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Persian who conquered Babylonia in 539 B.C.E. establishing the Persian Empire that stretched from India to Ethiopia, eventually ordering the restoration of the Jewish community in Judea

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Alexander (the Great)

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Conquered the Persian Empire, including Judea and Egypt; creating his own empire strongly marked by Greek culture

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Seleucus

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One of Alexander’s generals who acquired the eastern territories of the empire when Alexander died, forming the Seleucid dynasty

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Ptolemy

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One of Alexander’s generals who acquired Egypt when Alexander died, forming the Ptolemid dynasty

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Antiochus IV

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Leader of the Seleucids who tried imposing Hellenistic culture on the Judeans

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Matthias

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Begun the Jewish rebellion against the Seleucids in attempt to combat Hellenization

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Judah the Macabee

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Third son of Matthias who entered Jerusalem in 164 B.C.E. and restored the worship of Yahweh; his acts are commemorated by Hanukah

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Simeon

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High priest who established the Hasmonean dynasty

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Herod

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Roman king appointed at the end of Hasmonean dynasty in Judea; realist who killed his wife and children

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Vespasian

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General who started the conquest of Judea, but went back to Rome to become Emperor

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Titus

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The son of Vespasian who was sent to complete the conquest of Judea

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Hadrian

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Roman emperor whose plan to rebuild Jerusalem and make it a Roman Empire led to the second Jewish war

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Bar Kokhba

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Leader of the revolt against Hadrian

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Rav

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Palestinian rabbi who introduced Babylonian Jews to the Mishnah and established the academy at Sura

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Constantine I

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Started the process of making Christianity the religion of the Roman Empire

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Pope Gregory I

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Confirmed the authoritative attitude toward Jews as Church policy

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Shapur II

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Persian emperor who threatened the Roman Empire in Mesopotamia

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Julian

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Roman emperor who rescinded the anti-Jewish legislation and promised to rebuild the Temple and resettle the Jews in Jerusalem

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Chosroes II

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Persian king who attacked Rome and killed and deported large numbers of Christians and then handed the city over to the Jews. However, he soon after changed course and restored Jerusalem to a Christian domination

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Heraclius

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Roman emperor who entered Jerusalem in 629 and restored it to Byzantine control

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Saadia ben Joseph

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The first important rabbinic authority to write books on Jewish law and religion in Arabic and translate the Bible into Arabic

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Anan ben David

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Sought to overthrow the authority of the geonim

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Hasdai Ibn Shaprut

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Jew who rose to prominence in Cordova as doctor to the Rahman III and used his power to create a scholarly community of Jews in Cordova

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Samuel ibn Nagrela (Samuel the Nagid)

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Became chief rabbi to the Berber king in Granada and eventually became commander of the army

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Maimonides

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Jewish rationalist in the 12th century who lived most of his life in Egypt and wrote the Mishneh Torah, the code of Jewish law and “A Guide for the Perplexed”

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Edward I

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Expelled the Jews from England in 1290

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Nahmanides

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Famous rabbi who opposed Maimonides’ philosophical opinions and attended the disputation at Barcelona in 1263

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Pablo Christiani

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Jewish apostate who attended the disputation at Barcelona in 1263

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King James I

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Known as the defender of the faith after he presided over the disputation at Barcelona in 1263

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Geronimo de Santa Fe

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Apostate who completely turned on the Jews and persuaded pope Pedro de Luna to hold a disputation in Tortosa

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Dona Gracia Nasi

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Powerful Marrano who was born in Portugal to Spanish Jews; she helped Marranos who were trying to escape to Portugal, and when she was given up, she fled to Istanbul

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Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent

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Welcomed Dona Gracia and her capital to Istanbul

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Don Joseph Nasi

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The nephew of Dona Gracia Nasi who used connections in the Ottoman to secure the sultan’s support for Dona Gracia’s release

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Rabbi Isaac Luria

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The central figure of the academies of Safed who devised a new approach to the Zohar by which he attempted to explain the sufferings of the Jews as cosmic events bound up with the very nature of the Deity and Jewish ritual as a means of redeeming God Himself and bringing about the messianic age

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Rabbi Joseph Caro

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Author of the authoritative code of Jewish law

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Shabbetai Zevi

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Came to believe that he himself was the expected messiah, gaining followers in a mass movement called Sabbateanism

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Nathan of Gaza

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One of Shabbetai’s adherent who shaped Sabbateanism as a mass movement

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Jacob Frank

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Revived the Sabbateanism movement, claiming to be the reincarnation of Shabbetai

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Murad III

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Ottoman sultan who enforced the discriminatory regulations against the Jews. He extorted money from the Jewish community by threatening to massacre them all, then rescinding the decree in exchange for a bribe

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Martin Luther

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Started the Reformation, ultimately creating Protestantism

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Pope Paul IV

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Ordered the Jews of Rome and other papal territories to be segregated into ghettos in 1555

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Elijah de Medigo

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rabbi to the Medici family of Florence

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Judah Mintz

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Chief rabbi of Padua in the 16th century who led the Jewish intellectual movement of Italy

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Rabbi Leone de Modena

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One of the greatest preachers of Venice who wrote about morality and values of Jews in the Renaissance

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Sara Copia Sullam

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Jewish woman of Venice who wrote "Manifesto" defending her Jewish faith

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Mordecai Kaplan

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Founder of Reconstructionist Judaism who believed Judaism was a religious civilization

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Benedict Spinoza

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Portuguese Marrano who converted Jewish youth of Amsterdam
and who took the bible literally

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Rabbi Menasseh Ben Israel

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Petitioned the English parliament to allow the Jews to enter England and to practice their religion openly

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Joseph II

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Austrian emperor who was eager to “improve” the Jews and make them useful for society

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Josh Toland

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Argued that merely granting Jews civil rights would turn them into more useful and productive citizens

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Moses Mendelssohn

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German Jewish philosopher who translated the Bible into German and influenced a generation of Jewish intellectuals to convey the ideas of the Enlightenment to the Jewish masses

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Hegel

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Philosopher who said the only way a person can be modern is to be a Christian

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Abraham Geiger

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Founder of Reform Judaism

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Samson R. Hirsch

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Founder of Conservative Judaism

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Vashti

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Dethroned as Queen of Persia before Esther was enthroned

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Esther

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Crypto-Jew who becomes Queen of Persia by winning a beauty pageant

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Hamen

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Wanted to genocide Jews of Persia, but Esther stopped him and he was in turn hanged along with the rest of his family

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Captain Alfred Dreyfus

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High-ranking Jewish officer in the French army who was charged with treason and convicted on false evidence

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Emile Zola

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French Journalist who wrote “J’accuse” that accused all of France that it was retreating back to anti-Semitism

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Theodore Herzl

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Assimilated Hungarian Jew who turned the Zionist idea into an international movement

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Eliezer Ben Yehuda

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Russian man started the rebirth of the Hebrew language by teaching his family Hebrew

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Czar Alexander I

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Issued the Jewish Statute in 1804

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Nicholas I

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Czar Alexander’s successor who tried assimilating the Jews by establishing a quota of Jewish male youths to be supplied for military service

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Israel Baal Shem

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Founded Hasidism

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Roger Williams

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Governor of colony of Rhode Island, at Newport

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Haym Salomon

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Jew involved in financing during the Revolutionary war

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Isaac Mayer Wise

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Succeeded in organizing Reform Judaism nationwide by creating the Hebrew Union College in 1875

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Solomon Schechter

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Reorganized New York’s Jewish Theological Seminary of America in 1902; creating Conservative Judaism

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Henry Ford

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Attacked the Jews as racially inferior and as members of a master plot to control world civilization

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Father Coughlin

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Regularly denounced the Jews on his radio program

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Adolf Hitler

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Chancellor of Germany who blamed the Jews for the Communist revolution in Russia and claimed they were working to bring about a similar revolution in Germany

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Adolf Eichmann

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Empowered to set the final solution in motion in 1942

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A.D. Gordon

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His ideas led to the development of the Kibutz and the Moshav

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David Ben-Gurion

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First prime minister of Israel

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Chaim Weizmann

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First president of Israel who headed the World Zionist Organization

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Yitzhak Ben-Zvi

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Second president of Israel

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Edmund Allenby

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British general who entered Jerusalem in 1917

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Lord Balfour

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British foreign secretary who made the Balfour declaration

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Gamal Abdel Nasser

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Pan- Arabist with an aggressive vision of Arab unity and expansion; he headed Egypt during the cold war

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Yasir Arafat

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Head of Fatah

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Manchem Begin

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Head of the Lukid Party who came into power in the 1977 elections

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General Ariel Sharon

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Begin’s defense minister who headed the Lebanon War

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Yitzhak Rabin

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Took office in 1992, heading the Labor government, eventually coming to accept the necessity of dialogue with the PLO

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Shimon Peres

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Israel foreign minister alongside Rabin who succeeded Rabin as president

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Benjamin Netanyahu

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Israeli Prime Minister who campaigned on the slogan "peace with security," but delayed implementing important parts of the Oslo agreement and systematically strengthened the position of the Orthodox Jewish settlers in the occupied easten territories of east Jerusalem

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Sally Priesand

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First woman rabbi, ordained in 1972 by Hebrew Union College

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Antiochus III

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Seleucid ruler who drove the Ptolmeds out of Asia, putting Palestine under complete Seleucid control

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Hezekiah

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Played a central role in forming an anti-Assyrian coalition