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15 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Way of the cross |
the cross is a symbol that every christian can identify with The Torah and the Pentateuch are similar in order The Tanakh (Old testament) has 24 books, while the old testament has 39. Some prophets are counted as one prophet and are not grouped as they were done in the Tanakh. The New testament makes it distinct from the Tanakh. The christians draw on these with greater emphasis. Gospels are referred to the 4 books, Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John, are completed by these four writers. They are writer in a sense of a biography. The Acts, discuss the spread of the christian church. Paul’s Letters: first section are said to be written by Paul. Total of 66 Books. (Old + New) Gives the assumption that the new one is better. It builds upon the old testament in a new and unique way. |
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The New Testament |
Written in Greek, same that Alexander the great imposed Jesus of Nazareth Synoptic Gospels: Looking at various readings at the same time. (Mark, Matthew, Luke) are seen as one. Overlapping stories, with difference details. The Gospel of John- look of jesus from a theological perspective. Mark is the oldest Gospel (ca 70CE) (was a jew, and may of new of the destruction of the temple) Mathew, Luke (90CE)- used Mark as one source, plus one another usually referred to as Q. Quelle = Source well After Jesus passing, the gospels were written about his life Founder of the Christian faith religion Messiah- Greek for Christos—- makes the creation of Christianity (Can be a political leader, and a religious leader. |
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Matters of Historical Verification |
Jesus lived roughly between 4BCE — ca. 30 (33) CE. He was born in Bethlehem, and migrated with his family to Egypt than to Nazareth, then he spent his adult life in Jerusalem (Also in roman provinces Galilee, Judea). He is the son of Joseph and Mary Jesus was either a carpenter or a stoneworker. The greek word to describe is a techie, it could mean either. At around 30 he became an itinerant preacher. Which means he went from village to village to teach and give lectures to villages. He was not the only one. At this time many times educators would travel to do the same While people followed he has 12 followers called disciples. The women followers later found the tomb. Taught message that challenged religious authorities— friend of social outcasts. Jesus had issues with the Pharisees whom believe strongly in the tanakh. It became an issue of hemenurtics because Jesus had a different interpretation of the books. |
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Matters of Faith |
Virgin Birth: born by Mary. The concept was through the divine/holy spirit Divinity: Jesus was divine and human Performed miracles: raising his dead friend Resurrection from the DeadAscension into Heaven Promise of his return and Judgment: He will return life when he returns and he will judge. |
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Jesus and Judaism |
Jesus was a JEW Born into a Jewish family and community Family lived by Torah: Circumcised, Sacrifices in Jerusalem, Passover (Luke 2). Jesus and Torah Fulfillment of Torah:Mathew 5:17 Jesus healed a sick man on the Sabbath: Mark 3:1-6 Plucked grain with his disciples: Mark 2:23-28 What Jesus says about Torah “ Think not that I have come to abolish law and the prophets, I have come not to abolish them but to fulfill them. For truly, I say to you until heaven and earth pass away, not an iota, not a dot, will pass from the law until all is accomplished.” Matthew 5:17-18 “He has come to fill the tanakh. Mark 3:1-6: Healing on the sabbath 3:1 Again he entered the synagogue, and a man was there who had a withered hand. 3:2 And they watched him, to see whether he would heal him on the sabbath, so that they might accuse him. 3:3 And he said to the man who had the withered hand, "Come here." 3:4 And he said to them, "Is it lawful (according to Torah) on the sabbath to do good or to do harm, to save life or to kill?" … He said to the man, "Stretch out your hand." He stretched it out, and his hand was restored. 3:6 The Pharisees went out, and immediately held counsel with the Hero'di-ans against him, how to destroy him. 10 commandments said that you should not work on the day of the sabbath. Jesus’ View of Sabbath (Mark 2:23-28)2:24 And the Pharisees said to him, "Look, why are the disciples doing what is not lawful on the Sabbath?" … 2:27 And he said to them, "The sabbath was made for man, not man for the sabbath; 2:28 so the Son of man is lord even of the sabbath."Jesus publicly said that he is fulfilling Torah, he is twisting written and oral versions the the interpretations. Jesus and Judaism in a nutshell He claimed to fulfill Torah, but he fulfilled it in such a way that it was different from the orthodox (Correct opinion) understanding of Pharisaic Judaism Jesus knew the commandant, but he healed the person on the day of the sabbath. Because he felt that was more important than upholding the commandment. He was in trouble for a sense of compassion |
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Jesus and Messiah |
The Gospel of Matthew opens with the Genealogical history traced to Abraham and the royal (=messianic) line of David and another view of coming from the messiah Jesus in the Synagogue: Luke 4:12-21The Reading of Torah/Isaiah 61 Jesus’s reads this passage The spirit of the Lord GOD is upon me because the LORD has anointed me; he has sent me to bring good news to the oppressed to bind up the brokenhearted to proclaim liberty to the captives and release to the prisoners; to proclaim the year of the Lord's favour.Jesus said about the prophetic reading: Today this scripture has been fulfilled in your hearing. This messiah anointing has been filled. He implied that this was what his life was all about. Gospel means: the good news |
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The Central Teaching of Jesus |
Two Priorities:1. The kingdom of GodBeatitudes (Matthew 5:3, 10)“Blessed are the poor in spirit, for theirs is the kingdom of heaven”“Blessed are those who are persecuted for righteousness' sake, for theirs is the kingdom of heaven” Lord’s Prayer (Matthew 6:9-15)Our Father in heaven, hallowed be your name.Your kingdom come.Your will be done, on earth as it is in heaven.Give us this day our daily bread.And forgive us our debts, as we also have forgiven our debtors. And do not bring us to the time of trial, but rescue us from the evil one.For if you forgive others their trespasses,your heavenly Father will also forgive you;but if you do not forgive others,neither will your Father forgive your trespassesthe kingdom of god is not on earth Seek God’s kingdom First (Matthew) But strive first for the kingdom of god in righteousness Outreach to people in Need (Matthew) Feeding the hungry, being nice to strangers, people who are margilinased and are out of society. This becomes a way of measuring whether or not they live the way of Torah. The people who follow Jesus will do take care of others. The Greatest Commandment When the Pharisees heard that he had silenced the Sadducees, they gathered together, 22:35 and one of them, a lawyer, asked him a question to test him. 22:36 “Teacher, which commandment in the law is the greatest?” 22:37 He said to him, “You shall love the Lord your God with all your heart, and with all your soul, and with all your mind.” 22:38 This is the greatest and first commandment. 22:39 And a second is like it: 'You shall love your neighbour as yourself.' 22:40 On these two commandments hang all the law and the prophets (Matthew 22:34-40). Love is a commandment The greatest commandment: Love God, Self, Neighbour, Enemy Jesus Preferential option of the poor, Oppressed, Sin, Forgiveness, Judgement, Resurrection Jesus “I am” saying in John I am the bread of life I am the light of the world I am the door I am the good Shepherd I am the resurrection and the life I am the way and the truth and the life I am the true vine |
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The Apostle Paul |
Life of Paul continuing trying to make sense of the literature at the core of every religious tradition Jesus did not leave any writings, Paul is left us with his own writings second “Founder” of christianity Sources: Pauline letters, Books of Acts 7 authentic letters, the others may be written by others Book of Acts was written by luke, and discusses the birth of the christian church and Paul played a role in that movement His maiden name was Saul.. He was known as Saul of Tarsus (which is a city in turkey). He lived there. He was a Jew, and spoke Hellenistic Greek as vernacular ( was a roman citizen) gymnasium comes from the greek word in the nude. In Europe it is a high school. Exposure to nudity would have been against the way of Torah He claimed he was a Pharisee, his family moved from Tarsus to Jerusalem Persecuted the Church- persecute the Jews whom did not believe in the pharisee, he had an enlightenment or interaction with Jesus. He believed that he was the miassah and become a speaker for jesus. Christophany on the road to Damascus Apostle to the Gentiles( the educated greeks that were not monotheistic) |
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Pauline Chronology |
ca 33 Jesus death, resurrection ca35/6 Calling on the road to Damascus (Calling experience) 46/8 First mission- travelled preaching the new theology 48/9 Apostolic Council in Jerusalem (Theology conference,50/2 Second Mission Trip 54/6 Third Mission Journey 60/2 Voyage to Rome ca 65 Death in Rome Both paul and jesus were dead before the first gospel was written. Paul invented the word Judaism, his letters were written to the church The apostle Paul Saul as Persecutor Pauls persecution of the early followers of Jesus the Christ must be understood as an intra-Jewish conflict and not as an inter-religious conflict between Judaism and Christianity. The split between Judaism and Christianity into two world religions occurred later Pauline Theology Sin and Sins Sin- Ontological separation between God and Humanity. Power over every person, result is death. Vertical dimension of Sin Sins: the concrete acts of ethical transgression as result of sin. Horizontal dimension of sin. Sin creates a separation between God and humans saying we are sinners is similar to saying that ontological perspective that we are on a different level from god The deeds of sin manifest themselves in all aspects of existence, physical. psychological, ethical, sexual, relational, social, racial, political, economical, ecological, structural realm, Adam= Type of Sin/Death (Paul said through sin death come into the world) 2. Salvation Grace: God’s act of overcoming the power of sin in Jesus the son of God Faith: The mental (Faith as belief) and concrete appropriation (Faith as active love) God’s act of race Sin is overcome in Jesus the Christ, SINS must be confessed, forgiven and repaired Christ= Type of Life Salvation is both immanent and eschatological cosmic Torah is has ethical but no soteriological (salvation) significance 3. Redemption Concrete acts of faith that address the realm of sins (not sin) Faith as belief must lead to faith as acts of love The redemptive life is the immanent (Concrete, real, aspect of the Christian faith Redemption is a christian’s life of acts of unconditional love toward all people in order to bring healing to our lives disrupted by sings (physical, psychological, ethical, racial, ecological) 4. Parousia (Greek word need coming) The promise of the return of Jesus Christ To Judge all humanity To realize the Kingdom of God Eternal life |
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Early Christianity |
Torah has no soteriolgocial significance Spilt between Judaism and Messianic Jews into Judaism and Christianity Gnostic Hersey (2nd century) Cosmic dualism between good and evil Physical world is evil human body is evil Human being has spiritual dimension but entrapped in body Salvation is through “gnosis” knowledge that ignites the divine spark The Apostles Creed I believe in God, and the father almighty, Jesus lord, and holy spirit… etc. Similar to the Judaism reading early on in trinity- god father, god son, and god holy spiritEarly Christianitysin - ontological reality - we are sinners means we are finite. Humanity is not perfect and creation is limited The apostles Creed: are simple statements believe the holy spirit, the holy catholic church.. The church: As the one Body of Christ, As christ existing as community, as a sign-post to the kingdom of god Missions are a part of christianity _ Matt - go make disciples of al nations, teaching them to observe all I have commanded Marion (died 160) Excommunicated from Church in Rome in 144 Rejected Hebrew bible and only accepted non-Jewish aspects of New testament Initiated the process of canonization (the cannon of the new testament is 27 books) He cut of the Hebrew bible and some of the gospels, and when it shows that jesus was a Jew… for the new testament Tertullian (ca 145-220) Sceptical about greek thought introduced the theological terminology of trinities, the notion of trinity, a trinitarian understanding of god into theological discourseJustin Martyr (ca 100-166) christian faith is authentic and complementary expression of greek philosophy and therefore not in conflict with it truth comes from the eternal logos (incarnated in christ) Truth is ontological = reality as it is logos = eros greek term for truth : aleturia, otherwise known as uncovering or disclosing Arius (250-336) and Athanasius( bishop in Egypt) (296-373) Arius- Jesus was crated in time/space therefore not eternal Jesus was liable to commit sins Denied that Jesus was of the same essence as the father Issue of Consubstantiality means of the same substance Athanasius Covered Council of Nicea in 325 Nicene Creed (today’s turkey) Affirmed consubstantiality between father and Son Aries declared a heretic The Emperor Constantine (ruled 306-337) vision of the cross Voice “conquer in this sign” Military victory in 312 over rome Edict of Milan in 313 [under fheodotian in 380 christianity became the only official religion) {under Theodotian ll in 420 Jews were expelled from Jerusalem} Elicit of Milan in 313 Constantine no one should be compelled to deny this conviction so that the supreme godhead summa divinities whose we freely observe This edit is in fact the first declaration of Christianity as tolerated religion Politics <-> Religion <-> Culture Augustise of Hippio 354-430 Autobiography: Confessions Youthful, extravagant life of pleasure that everyone will commit sin Early Christianity Council of Chalcedon Question was christological: the nature of Jesus What is the meaning of incarnation? How can Jesus be both human and divine. Every entity has accidems. ex. When you think of water, you know it consists of H20, you know that it is liquid, but Ice and mist and steam consist of the same first product. Water has different (accidus) appearances. The council : is of one substance with the father as regards his divinity of one substance with us as regards his humanity Council of Nicea (325) Jesus of the same substance as the father Consubtantility Jesus is divine Council of chalcedon Jesus is of two natures divine and human Two complete unmixed natures |
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Medieval Christianity |
500-1000 CE Clovis, King of Franks became Christian 496 Charlemagne or Charles the great (742-814) In 800 he was crowned emperor of the holy Roman Empire by the pope himself Missionizing of Europe : Expansion of the Christian tradition Christendom: religion and Culture The religion that the king believed is what his people followed (politics, religion ) Middle Ages Western Europe (Italy and West) Rome (Roman Catholicism) Latin Byzantine Empire Eastern Europe (Greece, Turkey) Constantinople - Eastern Orthodoxy Greek Several Developments Papacy, Monasticism, Mysticism, Split between East and Wast, Crusades, scholastic Theology The Papacy You are Peter and on this rock I will build my church (matt.16:18) This quote created the legitimization of popes from than until now Latin- Papa=popes=fathers Ecclesial and theological primacy, authority Pope represents Christ on Earth battle for power between the popes and political leaders, emperors Pop Boniface Vlll (1924-1303) issued the papal bulla Unam Sanctam (issuing of a public statement) “We delicate we say we define that every creature is absolutely necessary for salvation to be subjected to the Roman Pontiff” (Claim inaccurate) Ontological problem being separated from God through Sin. The babylonian Captivity of the Popes 1309-1377 The popes relocated to Avignon, France, residence of the popes Issue: abuse of taxes.. otherwise known as corruption Rome was financed by taxes, due to the mixture of politics. How should Rome distribute it? St. Peters was financed by the taxes, creating a power struggle. They moved to France to get out of the struggle. Monastic Orders All male/female orders (monasty buildings) Monks/Nuns They vowed they would live a life of poverty, chastity, and obedience (celibacy) towards their leader. Monastic Orders: Benedictine, Franciscans, and Dominicans. (Clunic fathers, cisterians, mendicant orders, others) Benedictines Benedict (ca 480-550) Founded order in 529 Italy Famous Rules of Faith Spiritual exercised, work, study, prayer Economically self-sufficient Missionary activity in Europe His sister Scholastica (ca 480-543) established women’s order The orders wanted live a comprehensive life, and had a garden to sustain them economically, they were oriented towards the world, they would try and convert others to the christian faith Clinic Fathers Founded by Duke William the Pious in 910 near Cluny, north of Lyon Built more than 300 monastic homes Church in Cluny was largest in Europe (171m long, but between 1080-1231) Cisterns Reacted against the wealth of the Clunic Fathers Robert of Molesmes Near Dijion Trappists (north american group, that originated from the cisterians, Kentucky united states.):austere practice of silence Thomas Merton Wealth should be involved when teaching others about the involvement of christianity in ones life Mendicant Orders Mendicant orders are the begging orders Reaction against monastic mentality of withdrawal from the world Service in the world Two emerging needs: poverty, intellectualism Members are men, women, lay people, they were known as friars Franciscans Francis of Assisi (1182-1226)Lived in poverty, beggingKnown by his simple sandalsPreached to the sick, even animalsPreached to Muslims in EgyptPrayer of St. Francis Message: Francis’ Prayer: Lord, make me an instrument of your peace. Where there is hatred let me sow love; where there is injury, pardon; where there is doubt, faith; where there is despair, hope; where there is darkness, light; and where there is sadness, joy… Dominicans reacted of false doctrine Founded by Dominic Guzman (1170-1221)Albi, Southern FranceGuzman preached against Albigensian dualism (light and darkness)Significance of good doctrineThomas Aquinas was Dominican Crusades Pope Urban 11: sermon 1095 Against Muslims and Turks Rome and Constantinople united Crusades 1095-1204 1099 Jerusalem destroyed, rebuilt 1187 Jerusalem fell to Muslims (Saladin) Spilt between East and West 1054 - first major spilt latin- greek Popes-Patriarchs Rome - Constantinople Question of Filoquoe Scholastic (academic) Theology Emergence of Universities (bologna, Paris, Cologne, Oxford, Naples) Learning brought into a building, subjects (theology, philosophy, physics/astronomy, LAW) and others being paid to teach others. Learning became formal Anselm of Canterbury (1033-1109) Faith seeking understanding defined of theology (Faith is assumed not proved) Ontological Proof of God’s existence God is that than which nothing greater can be conceived of (The being at the top only that being, could make the statement that their is a being greater than it.) Satisfaction theory: God only can and man only ought to make this satisfaction then necessarily. One must make it who is both God and man. ransom theory: Salvation is a ransom, taking away the delivery of evil Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274) was a dominican Summa TheologicaAristotelian theologianTheology: scientia argumentiva - reasoning and theology were not a contradiction. Synthesis of philosophy (reason) and theology (revelation) – unity of truthThe Five Ways: (Artisole) Unmoved mover: everything that exists needs to have an origin or a cause, every human/animal comes from a set of parents, can not be infinitely regressed, for anything to exist there needs to be a being, so somewhere there needs to be a cause (Artistole) cause-effect- when we speak of cause, there must be an effect, it is linked back to the exist of god, or ontological speaking Contingent/necessary existence: all beings are necessarily dependent, child and parent, tree and water.. only non dependent is the unmoved mover gradation: if we say something is beautiful, than we can compare more or less. it leads to that god is the perfect one (artistole) Teleological argument- telos is the end, and can also mean purpose. it means that everything in existence, has a specific place or purpose in the overall scheme. Medieval Christianity Christian Mystics 80% of women involved Meister Eckhardt (1260-1327)Johannes Echkhardt, DominicanReacted against Thomistic theologyMysticism: synthesis of Augustinian psychology and neo-Platonic theologyMystic union: God’s spirit unites with/in the human soulPerson loses individuality, gains reality of God“Creatureliness”: negate self in poverty, silence and contemplationHildegard of Bingen (1098-1179)Benedictine nunCreative writer, musician, diplomatic in politicsWas known as the “Sybil of the Rhine for her wisdomIn 1141, had vision of heavenly flames come on herWrote Scivias or Know the Ways of GodCatherine of Siena (1347-1380) Dominican lay person‘Mystical marriage with God”Wrote DialoguesHelped victims of the Black DeathPolitical, social involvementJulian of Norwich (1342-1413) Lived in EnglandFive hours ecstatic experience, vision of GodRepeated visions of GodAge 50, wrote Sixteen Revelations of Divine LoveEvil is distortion of the Human will; because of the presence of evil, divine love, goodness can be more clearly perceivedTeresa of Avila (1515-82) Spanish Carmelite nunAge 40, vision of God while praying for spiritual perfectionEstablished religious housesIn 1572, reached state of “spiritual marriage”Several writings about prayer and ecstasyThe Interior Castle; life is likened to a crystal mansion in which life increases as one moves to the centre, Christ |
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The Reformation (1500’s) |
Renaissance (means rebirth) Roman Catholic Church There was really on one church during this time period The reformation follows after the medieval times/the dark ages (1) Martin Luther (1483-1546) Augustinian monk, degree in law visited Rome in 1510 Studied theology professor at Wittenberg Tower experience, Roamns 3:21-24: justification from sin by grace in faith (sola gratis et fide) Indulgences; venial and mortal sins 95 theses in 1517 Excommunicated by the pope Diet (counsel) of Worms (town) (1521) Prolific writer, translator Married Katharina von Bora, had six children of their own and adopted four others Confession of Augsburg (1530) Foundation of Lutheran Theology Found refugee in Wartburg, with the Duke In 1054 split in the church to the east and the west (1500) 1. roman catholic 2. Protestant (2) John Calvin (1509-1564) Humanist, Reformer in Geneva Insititues of the Christian Religion Theocentric theology Double Predestination (God predestinates people to heaven or hell, if everyone lived by christian principles it would be the best city) Theocratic government (3) Huldrich Zwingli (1484-1531) Reorder in Zurich Former Catholic Priest Mass in German (not Latin), need to translate to a language for everyone, removed photos and images of marry Issue of baptism, sin etc, first baptism not okay, then it was. Died in battle against catholics Anabaptists, Radical Reformation Conrad Grebel - interested in his theology, Jan 1525, they re-baptize themselves.. called the anabaptism movement. Strict Following of New testament teaching Post-Reformation Council of Trent (1545-1563) Peace of Augsburg (1555) Cuius regio, cuius religio 30 Year War (1618-1648) Peace of Westphalia (1648) End of Medieval Europe Independence of German states, swiss cantons, dutch regions Exclusive toleration of catholics, lutherans, calvinists Split of the Church 1054 spilt between east and west, Roman Catholicism, and Greek mythology 1500s Spilt between catholicism and Protestantism 1700’s Denominations within Protestantism - Lutheran, Anglican, Methodist, calvinist, mennonite, baptist. |
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The Christian Liturgical Year |
Advent - means arrival of coming, otherwise the coming of jesus, is the four Sundays before christmas. Light candles. Christmas- celebration of the birth of jesus. Epiphany - it is told that he was baptized Lent - 40 days later after ash Wednesday, it is a period of self reflection Good Friday - The day jesus was crucified by the romans, and was put in a grave Easter - 3 days later, everything hinges on jesus coming back to life. Sign that all death has been defeated Pentecost - aspect of the trinity… sent his holy spirit into his believers |
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Practice of the Christian Faith |
Sacraments: Roman Catholic Church: (7) Baptism, Eucharist, Confirmation, penance, anointing the dying, marriage, ordination Protestant Churches: (2) Baptism, Eucharist (Communion, Lord’s supper) Definition: sacramental/symbolic Sacrament: visible sign of God’s visible grace Sign or symbol? Baptism. Two different meanings theologically Baptism Once in a lifetime Child Baptism: grace leads to faith (sign Adult Baptism: faith acknowledges grace (symbol) Lord’s Supper/Eucharist/Communion This is my body? Historic roots: Celebration of Passover Elements: Bread and wine? Body and Blood? (Trans-substantiation: roman-catholic, they believe it is wine and bread as it is jesus blood) Both bread/body and blood/wine (Con-substantiation- at the time when you take them it is different, ) Confession, Repentance, Forgiveness |
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Modernity |
Social Awareness William Wilberforce (1759-1833) Personal life task: abolition of slavery in England First parliamentary speech in 1789- total abolition of the slave trade, we are guilty Annual parliamentary speech- no success Discouraged- encourage by letter Died three days after England officially abolished the slave trade in 1833 |
