Jessie_Session 2

Front 1

2.1. Describe the general structure and function of the nucleus

Back 1

Structure; contains nuclear envelope, nucleolus, nuclear pores.

Defined as a eukaryotic cell

-The numerous membrane -bound organelles allows eukaryotic to specialize

-contains cell's genetic material

(DNA, proteins, and chromosomes)

Front 2

2.1. Describe the general structure and function of the mitochondrion

Back 2

Structure; made up of two membranes (outer membrane & inter membrane space)

-matrix is surrounded folded membranes called cristae

Function: produces the energy currency of the cell, ATP, through cellular respiration.

Front 3

2.1. Describe the general structure and function of the Golgi apparatus

Back 3

Structure; has a series of hollow curved sacs called cisternae, stacked on top of one another.

Main function is to receive proteins from rough ER and sorts, modifies, and packages them into vesicles.

Front 4

2.1. Describe the general structure and function of the rough ER

Back 4

Structure; granular appearance due to the rows of ribosomes attached.

Function: main site of protein synthesis

Front 5

2.1. Describe the general structure and function of the smooth ER

Back 5

Structure; appears as smooth membrane tubes

Function; synthesizes lipids and in some cells, concentrates and stores calcium ions

Front 6

2.1. Describe the general structure and function of the lysosome

Back 6

Structure; small, spherical storage vesicles

Function; contains powerful digestive enzymes

Front 7

2.1. Describe the general structure and function of the ribosome

Back 7

Structure; small and densed granules of RNA and protein that manufacture proteins

Function; synthesize proteins for export out of the cell

Front 8

2.1. Describe the general structure and function of the Cytoskeleton

Back 8

Structure; the cells interior structure scaffolding

Function; to maintain cells shape

Front 9

2.2 On a scratch paper, Diagram a plasma membrane and label the following components: phospholipid bilayer, proteins (identify peripheral and transmembrane), cholesterol, and glycolipids & glycoproteins.

Back 9

Front 10

3. Briefly describe the function of the following plasma membrane components: proteins, cholesterol, glycogen tags.

Back 10

Proteins; building blocks of amino acids

Cholesterol; key component to any membrane

-by high amt of chol., the membrane has fewer gaps & therefore is permeable. (mostly H20)

glycogen tags;

Unique pattern of glycoproteins and glycolipids

Front 11

4. Describe the chemical interactions that form a phospholipid bilayer. In other words, what is the process by which a phospholipid bilayer forms? What is meant by "lateral movement" of the phospholipids?

Back 11

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Yes, by lateral movement

Front 12

5. Identify which molecules can and cannot pass through a phospholipid bilayer. Be able to explain why a particular molecule can or cannot diffuse through the lipid bilayer.

Back 12

Small, non poplar CO2, O2

the pulling on electrons are evenly distributed and are non polar

H20 is able to sweep by (polar)

-large molecules cannot pass through and IONS such as hydrogen and Na+Cl-

Front 13

6. Describe the structure and function of the 3 different cell junctions.

Back 13

GAP Junctions; direct doorway connecting 2 adjacent cells

Anchoring Junctions; its goal is to keep cells anchored to e/o.

- its strong but does not create a tight seal

Tight Junctions; create "brick wall" in a row of cells (used in epithelial tissue)

Front 14

7. Distinguish between apoptosis and necrosis.

Back 14

Apoptosis; programmed to cell suicide (neat & tidy)

Necrosis; cell murder

Front 15

8. Compare and contrast a stem cell with a differentiated cell.

Back 15

Cellular differentiation is the process by which a stem cell is becoming specialized.

Stem cells- are less specialized cells that retain the ability to divide.

Differenctiated cells are cell that have divided and have specialized into a job function

Front 16

9. At what age do stem cells lose their ability to differentiate into ANY type of cell? Name a type of adult stem cell that is pluripotent.

Back 16

**After 4 days

Multi potent is for Red bone marrow cells- all blood cells

Front 17

1. Understan where potential energy is stored in the cell, and how it is harnessed to do work.

Back 17

Stored in non polar covalent bonds *** email her if talking high energy in atp or sugar aa lipids nucleic acids

Front 18

2. Relate the structure of ATP to its ability to release lots of energy when catabolized. In other words, what is the high energy bond of ATP?

Back 18

Adenosine Tri phosphate

P-p-p

Front 19

Define Catabolic and Anabolic, and Classic redox. Distinguish between oxidized and reduced form. Does the product OR the reactant have more potential energy in Catabolic? How about anabolic?

Back 19

Catabolic: breaks down

- losing of H atoms

- NADH-> NAD+ (+) H+

-gives out energy by losing e-

Anabolic: building up

-gaining H atoms

- NAD+ (+) H+-> NADH

-receives energy by gaining e-

Classic Redox: reaction of both **

Front 20

List out the enzyme properties and functions (refer to handout)

Front 21

6. What is a metabolic pathway? How are enzymes used in metabolic pathways? How can metabolic pathways "self-regulate" with their products?

Back 21

A series of chemical reactions which involves both anabolism and catabolism (=Metabolism) which involves several enzymes and cofactors.

**

Front 22

7. Describe how NADH and FADH2 are used as temporary energy carriers.

Back 22

The role of NADH and FADH2 is to donate electrons to the electron transport chain. They both donate electrons by providing an hydrogen molecule to the oxygen molecule to create water during the electron transport chain

Front 23

8. What is the overall reaction of aerobic respiration?

Back 23

*Glucose is broken down by oxygen to release energy with carbon dioxide and water being produced as by-products of the reaction.

Front 24

What is the simplified chemical reaction of glycolysis?

Back 24

*Breaking down Glucose

Front 25

What is the simplified chemical reaction of Citric Acid Cycle?

Back 25

*Form Acetyl CoA

Front 26

What is the simplified chemical reaction of oxidative phosphorylation?

Back 26

*To make ATP

Front 27

9. What are the roles of NADH, FADH2, and O2 in generating and maintaining a proton gradient in oxidative phosphorylation.

Back 27

*Electrons are released from NADH and FADH2 and eventually are transferred to O2, forming H2O

Front 28

10. Relate the proton gradient in the intermembrane space to ATP anabolism.

Back 28

*Electron transfer with the transfer of protons (H+ ions) across a membrane. This creates an electro chemical proton gradient that drives ATP synthesis, to form ATP

Front 29

11. Differentiate between anaerobic and aerobic respiration and understand how AND why NAD+ availability plays a crucial role in determining the pathway.

Back 29

Aerobic respiration; is the release of energy from glucose or in the presence of Oxygen

Anaerobic respiration; refers to the oxidation of a molecule (or molecules) to produce energy in the absence of oxygen

Front 30

1. Define: concentration gradient, diffusion, diffusion equilibrium.

Back 30

Concentration gradient; A difference in the concentration of a substance between two places (concentration is higher on one side of the membrane than the other)

Diffusion; movement of molecules from a higher concentration area to a lower concentration area

Diffusion equilibrium;

Front 31

2. Understand the how distance, molecular size, concentration gradient, and temperature affect diffusion rates (review Table 3-1)

Back 31

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Front 32

3. Distinguish between molecules that can move through the phospholipid bilayer versus molecules that require protein-mediated transport.

Back 32

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Front 33

4. List four different types of proteins that are found in plasma membranes.

Back 33

Intergral Proteins- (tightly bound to the membrane)

Peripheral Proteins -(attached to other membrane proteins by non covalent)

Trans-membrane Proteins- (proteins chains extend all the way across the membrane)

Lipid-anchored Proteins- (some are covalently bound to lipid tails that insert themselves to the bilayer)

Front 34

5. What is a ligand?

Front 35

6. Create a flow chart describing the different classes of membrane proteins. Include the following: channel, carrier, unitransporter, cotransporter, gated, open, and pump.

Back 35

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Front 36

7. (Teleological question): Explain why channel proteins for large molecules don't exist.

Front 37

8. Describe a sneaky technique that the cell implements to keep glucose flowing into the cell without using a glucose pump.

Back 37

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