Jerusalem Final Exam Terms

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Nea Church

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Emperor Justinian built the Nea Church on the southern slope of the Western Hill. It was called the Church of Mary Theotokos. Planned as a monument to Orthodoxy and commemorated a doctrine rather than a Christian event, Destroyed by an earthquake in 746. Built in honor of the Virgin Mary. Had a home for the elderly.

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Eusebius

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Christian historian and bishop of Caesarea (264-340). No interest in shrines or sacred space. Time of Aelia Capitolina. Eusebius was a supporter of Constantine who deemed him as a second Abraham. (Armstrong 154, 173, 175)

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Helena

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Mother of Constantine who was credited with finding the True Cross during the excavations of the Temple of Aphrodite. Armstrong 186)

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Madaba Map

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Documents the main features of Christian Jerusalem at the time of Justinian. Had been developed since the time of Constantine. Shows biblical sites, buildings, monuments, and monasteries pertaining to Christianity. Centered Jerusalem. Nothing pertaining to Muslim sites.

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Golgotha

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Known as "The Skull" where Jesus was crucified.

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Peel Plan

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In 1937 the Peel Plan recommended the partition of Palestine. Jewish state in Galilee and West Bank belonging to the Arabs. Jerusalem to become an international city. Zionists accepted the Peel Plan. Arabs said no to Peel Plan and the British sided with them. Fighting breaks out. (Armstrong 384-386)

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Acts of the Apostles

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Describes the rise of Jesus' followers, the miracles they performed after Jesus died, and the figure Paul (previously Saul). Describes what happened after Jesus ascended to heaven. Apostles still pray in temple. (Notes Week 7)

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Council of Chalcedon

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Justinian was a proponent. Confession of Chalcedon affirmed that there had to be the humanity and divinity of Jesus and emphasized the existence of the Virgin Mary. (Notes Week 9)

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Suleiman

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Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent (1520-1566). Improved Jerusalem during the Ottoman period. Expanded to the west. Rebuilt walls. Refurbish the Haram. Jerusalem became populous with a booming market. (Notes Week 10, Armstrong 323-325)

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Damascus Gate

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Served as the main entrance to Aelia Capitolina in the Roman period. Built with splendor. Led to Caesarea. North gate during the time of Suleiman (1536-1541). Became one of the centers of modern Jerusalem. (Armstrong 324, 357, Bahat 68)

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Church of the Anastasis

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Church built by Constantine in 326 AD. Consisted of the Martyrion and the Anastasis Rotunda. Revolved around the Resurrection and Crucifixion.

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Gospels

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Four books in the New Testament that describe the life of Jesus Christ.

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Saint Paul

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Wrote Pauline letters to churches in Mediterranean. Galatians, Ephesians, Corinthians. Saul persecuted the disciples of Jesus but God came to him and he became Paul. Paul the Apostle preached about the Son of God. (Notes Week 7)

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Foundation Stone

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Rock protruding out of the ground on the Eastern Hill. Found when Caliph Umar cleaned out the Temple Mount. Place where the Ark of the Covenant was set. Center of the world. Rock from where the Ten Commandments were cut. First place created on earth. Place where Prophet Muhammad ascended to heaven. Dome of the Rock created to guard it. (Notes Week 9, Bahat 92)

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Edict of Milan

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In the year 312 Constantine published this as a code of laws granting Christianity the status of a tolerated religion throughout the empire. (Bahat 76)

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Revelation

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Written by early Christian John. Vision that New Jerusalem would come down to earth. Apocalyptic images at the end of time. Return of Jesus. (Notes Week 7)

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al-Malik

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Translates to "The King". Caliph Abd al-Malik (685-705) ruled during the Umayyad period. Built the Dome of the Rock in 691. (Wikipedia, Bahat 91-92)

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Templars

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19th Century German Colony people known as the new Crusaders. During the Crusades would protect the Christian pilgrims from Muslims. Aqsa became their headquarters. (Armstrong 282)

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Haram al-Sharif

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Name for the Temple Mount in Arabic. Refers to the whole area surrounding the Rock. Only place where Muslims congregated. Muhammad prayed there. Next to Mecca and the Kaaba. (Wikipedia, Armstrong 232)

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Pope Urban II

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Gave a speech in 1095 that was known as the first speech of the Crusades. Stated that dying in battle would release one from his or her sins. Calls for a Crusade. Emphasizes that Jeruaslem is heavenly. Wanted to get rid of Muslim control. Wanted pilgrimage to Jerusalem. Allowed Christians to bear arms. (Notes Week 10)

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Titus

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Roman emperor who destroyed Jerusalem, demolished its walls, and destroyed the Temple by fire. Year 135. (Bahat 64)

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General Allenby

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British general who led the British troops during WWI to Jerusalem. On December 11, 1917 Allenby entered Jerusalem through the Jaffa Gate and received the formal surrender of the Turkish resistance. British instilled a military government. (Bahat 146-147)

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Templum Domini

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The Dome of the Rock's name during the Crusades. During the Crusades, a Christian church set up on the Dome of the Rock. Templars set up their headquarters on the Al-aqsa mosque just to the side of the Dome of the Rock. (Wikipedia)

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West Bank

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North, south, and west are borders of Israel. Prominently populated by Palestinian Arabs. Under Ottoman rule previous to WWI. Given to British Mandate during WWI. Ruled by Jordan prior to Six-Day War. Captured by Israel along with East Jerusalem during the Six-Day War in 1967. Currently under Palestinian authority. (Wikipedia)

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Fatimids

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Caliphate that extended their rule from Tunisia to Egypt to Palestine. Occupied Jerusalem in the 11th Century. Rebelled against Turkish control for Jerusalem. Fatima was the daughter of Muhammad. (Wikipedia, Armstrong 268)

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Qiblah

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Direction of prostration toward Mecca by Muslims. They believed they were praying to Abraham and Adam. (Wikipedia)

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Horns of Hattin

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An extinct volcano in Galilee, Israel. Saladin defeated Crusader forces there in 1187. (Wikipedia)

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Cardo Maximus

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Main street of Jerusalem. Connected to the Church of the Holy Sepulcher.

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Holy Fire

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Tomb of Jesus produces a miracle of fire, which is then passed around the church. Fire from heaven in a sense. Eastern Christian miracle, not celebrated by Catholics or Protestants. Considered the miracle of the year. (Notes Week 10)

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Aelia Capitolina

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Name of Jerusalem during the time of Hadrian. Built in the year 130. Named after the family of the emperor and the three Capitoline gods: Jupiter, Juno, and Minerva. Predominantly pagan city. No longer called Aelia during the Crusades. (Bahat 66)

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Western Wall

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Titus left the Western Wall intact when he destroyed Jerusalem. Considered the most sacred object to Jews besides the Temple Mount. Jews continue to use it as a site of prayer and pilgrimage. Became a site of friction between Jews and Muslims during the Zionist movement.

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Caliph Walid

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Ruled Umayyad dynasty. Succeeded al-Malik. Built the Al-aqsa Mosque. (705-715)

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Battle of Milvian Bridge

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Constantine became emperor after his victory against Maxentius in 312. (Armstrong 174).

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Jaffa Gate

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One of the four main gates of Aelia (along with Damascus in the north, Zion in the south, and Lions' in the east). Located in the west. Previously known as David's Gate? (Bahat 70, 106)

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Caliph al-Hakim

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In 1009 ordered all Jewish and Christian prayer houses to be demolished, including the Church of the Holy Sepulcher. However, in 1020 he agreed to the restoration of the buildings.

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Al-Quds

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Arabic name of Jerusalem introduced in the tenth century. (Bahat 91)

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Crusade

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Crusader Jerusalem began in 1099. Massacred many non-Christians. Jerusalem was the capital. Jerusalem almost uninhabited. Instigated by Pope Urban II's speech calling for a holy war of liberation.

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Golden Gate

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Gate in the eastern supporting wall of the Temple Mount that may have been built in honor of Heraklius' (emperor of Byzantium) triumphal entrance or for commemorating Jesus' entrance into Jerusalem. (Armstrong 215)

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Mount Moriah

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Mountain where Abraham talked to God.

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Flavius Josephus

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Historian during the Roman period.

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Ottoman Empire

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Took place 1517-1917. Suleiman the Magnificent is a key figure.

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Hadrian

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Roman emperor who built Aelia Capitolina. Did not like Jews. Pagan emperor.

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Justinian

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Ruler of Jerusalem (527-565) who built the Nea Church and completed construction of the Cardo. Outlawed Jewish practices in Jerusalem. Known for substantial building projects in sixth century Jerusalem. (Armstrong 209, Bahat 82)

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Caliph Umar

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Conquered Jerusalem in 638. Established Muslim rule in Jerusalem. (Bahat 88)

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Balfour Declaration

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Letter from British Foreign Secretary Balfour who proposed that Palestine be the home of Jewish people. Gave Great Britain temporary control over Palestine.

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Six-Day War

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War in 1967 between Israel and Egypt, Jordan, and Syria. Israel won. Captured the West Bank and East Jerusalem.

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Kidron Valley

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West of Jerusalem.

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Sophronius

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Patriarch of Jerusalem who refused to surrender Jerusalem to anyone but Caliph Umar. (Bahat 90)

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Martyria

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Buildings that commemorate martyrs.

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Old City

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Before 20th Century, constituted mainly of the city of Jerusalem. Consists of the Temple Mount, Western Wall (Jewish), Church of the Holy Sepulcher, Dome of the Rock, and the Al-Aqsa Mosque. Mainly West Jerusalem. United with East Jerusalem during Six-Day War. Controlled presently by Israel. (Wikipedia)

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Aqsa Mosque

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Caliph al-Walid built the Aqsa Mosque to the side of the Dome of the Rock. Unlike the Dome of the Rock, the mosque was destroyed and repaired many times.

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Dome of the Rock

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Establishment built by Caliph al-Malik that commemorated the Foundation Stone. Jews and Christians believed it to be the metamorphosis of the Holy Temple. Not a mosque. Has no qiblah wall.

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Council of Nicaea

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Created the Nicene Creed for Christians to profess their faith to God. First ecumenical council of the church. Argued for the divinity and humanity of Jesus Christ. (Armstrong 178)

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Constantine

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Emperor of Jerusalem who built the Church of the Anastasis.

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Saladin

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Defeated the Crusaders at the Horns of Hattin in the year 1187. Did not kill one Christian. Led the peaceful conquer of Jerusalem. (Bahat 115)

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Dome of the Chain

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Structure located east of the Dome of the Rock. Not a mosque or a shrine but a prayer house. Built by the Umayyads (Caliph al-Malik).

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Baldwin

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Made himself the first Crusader king. His brother Godfrey of Bouillon became the first ruler of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. Repopulated Jerusalem by bringing Eastern Christians. Reinstates Ceremony of the Holy Fire. Sanctified the Temple Mount for Christians. Removed part of the dome of the Dome of the Rock. Tried to establish royal connection with David and Solomon. (Bahat 102)

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Theodor Herzl

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Spokesman of Zionism. Not a religious man. Believed in separating religious things from secular things.

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Church of the Ascension

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Located on the Kidron Valley on the Mount of Olives. Commemorated where Jesus was believed to have ascended to heaven. (Armstrong 232).

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True Cross

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Relic that was believed to be the cross on which Jesus was crucified.