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170 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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chemical reactions that break large molecules into smaller ones
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Catabolism
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base or building block units of DNA and RNA
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Nucleotides
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the process of copying the chromosomes in preparation for cell division
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DNA Replication
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the study of the functions of body parts
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Physiology
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passive movement of substances through the phospholipids in a cell membrane
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Simple Diffusion
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storage form of glucose in humans
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Glycogen
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the sum of all chemical reactions occurring within the body
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Metabolism
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a condition in which the body's internal environment remains within certain preset physiological parameters
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Homeostasis
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passive movement of water from high water to low water
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Osmosis
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those things that disappear when a living organism dies
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Characteristics of Life
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type of lipid that make up the membranes of cells
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Phospholipids
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hormone that lowers blood glucose levels
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Insulin
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part of the homeostatic feedback loop that carries out the response
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Effector
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anything that has weight and takes up space
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Matter
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the study of the form and structure of body parts
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Anatomy
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the basic structural and functional unit of life
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Cell
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base or building block units of carbohydrates
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Saccharides
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the process of making an mRNA copy of a gene
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Transcription
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compartments within the cell
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Organelles
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type of chemical bonds formed when atoms share electrons
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Covalent Bond
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passive movement of substances through a protein doorway in the cell membrane
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Facilitated Diffusion
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smallest complete unit of an element
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Atom
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the process a cell undergoes as it matures from an unspecialized state to a specialized state
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Differentiation
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part of the homeostatic feedback loop that monitors the internal environment
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Receptor
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fundamental substances that make up all matter
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Elements
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base or building block units of proteins
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Amino Acids
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an alteration in the DNA sequence of a gene
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Mutation
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weaker bonds that form between a hydrogen on one molecule and an oxygen or nitrogen on another molecule
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Hydrogen Bonds
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the process of using the mRNA to make a protein
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Translation
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a special group of proteins that lower the activation energy in chemical Reactions
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Enzymes
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raises blood glucose levels
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Glucagon
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part of the homeostatic feedback loop that receives receptor information analyzes the information and decides on an appropriate response
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Control Center
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type of chemical bonds formed when atoms give up or take on electrons
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Ionic Bond
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chemical reactions that build large molecules from smaller ones
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Anabolism
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the process of making ATP from glucose
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Cellular Respiration
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chemistry is all about...
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atoms of the different elements forming bonds with each other because they are not happy unless they have a full valence shell
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Hydrogen will always want....
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two electrons in its valence shell
to make it full |
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all other atoms besides hydrogen will want....
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eight electrons in their valence shell to make it full
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in order to fill their valence shells atoms will form what two different kinds of bonds
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ionic and covalent
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in ionic bonds atoms will do what with electrons
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give up or take on electrons to fill its valence shell which will then make the atoms ions cause they will no longer be neutral...they will then have a charge which make them attracted to one another so they (the ions) bond and they form a salt
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in covalent bonds the atoms do what with electrons
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share
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if you have a nonpolar covalent bond that means they share their electrons....
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fairly equally or symetrically and these substances do NOT dissolve in water
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if you have a polar covalent bond what happens with the electrons
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you will have an unequal distribution of electrons and those electrons will always have a neg end and a pos end.
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what will polar molecules always have
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a slightly neg end and a slightly pos end
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in the case of water molecules, the oxygen end will always be...
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slightly negative
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in the case of water molecules, the hydrogen end will always be...
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slightly positive
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the bonds that form between water molecules that hold them together are called...
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hydrogen bonds
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water molecules are bonded together with hydrogen bonds and every time another one bonds the molecules will...
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flip so that the negative and positive ends come together
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isotopes are defined as
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atoms of the same element with a different number of neutrons
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if an atom has more neutrons than it does protons the extra neutons are unstable and they...
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decay because the atom likes to have and equal number of protons electons and neutons. When they decay they give off radio activity.
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The study of the form and structure of body parts
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anatomy
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the study of the function of body parts
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physiology
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the basic unit of life
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cell
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the total or sum of all chemical reactions in the body
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metabolism
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two catagories that metabolism is broken into
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catabolism and anabolism
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chemical reactions keep us in our...
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ordered states
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In the real world things have a tendency to go towards disorder, this is an example of
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entropy
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when something big is broken down into smaller pieces to make energy
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catabolism
think big burger getting eaten and made into small energy pieces or cats taking a big piece of furniture and destroying it into smaller pieces |
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taking something small and making it into something bigger
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anabolism
think small energy pieces being made into a big muscle |
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most times these tend to be protective
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responses to stimuli
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all living organisms have either gross motor or internal....
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movement
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all living things must have growth by either...
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number of cells or size of each cell
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cells must be able to communicate with the outside environment because...
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that is where we get our food and where we relieve our waste
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cells communicate from the...
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inside to the outside
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when a cell's size increases so does the
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length it must travel to communicate
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name the two types of growth
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determinant and indeterminant
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define determinent growth
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grow to a predetermined size
ie humans |
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define indeterminent growth
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things just keep on growing
ie plants |
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all living organisms must be able to reproduce for continuation of the species and not always to generate a new individual but to
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reproduce cells as in when you cut yourself or to grow and repair
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The specializing of a cell and only applies to multicelled organisms
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differentiation
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carbs consist of...
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sugars and starches
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carbs are used by our bodies as a
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preferred and immediate energy source
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the base or building block units of carbs are called
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sacharides
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the bonds between sacharrides are called
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glycosidic bonds
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we store carbohydrates as
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glycogen
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lipids are important because they provide
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stored energy
insulation protection |
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without lipid reserves the body will break down what for energy
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muscle
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the difference between one fat and another is
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how long the fatty acid tail is (how many carbons long it is)
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the name of the classic lipid that is our fat stores
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triglyceride
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tryglycerides are made up of
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a glycerol block and 3 fatty acid tails
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phospholipids are made up of
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a glycerol unit with 2 fatty acid tails and a phosphate group surrounded by oxygen coming off the other side at the bottom
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what makes up the membranes of our cells
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phospholipids
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what do proteins do
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everything
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what are the individual subunits or building block units of proteins called
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amino acids
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how many amino acids are there
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20
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what is the only difference between all the amino acids
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what lies in the R group
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what is the organelle that makes up proteins
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ribosomes
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ribosomes take amino acids and sews them together to make proteins
aa-aa-aa-aa-aa-aa-aa-aa the bonds that hold the amino acids together are called |
peptide bonds
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what are peptide bonds
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the bonds that hold amino acids together when the ribosomes sew them together to make proteins
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what causes a protein to go from a promary structure to a secondary structure
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H-bonds
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what is the final folding of a protein dependant upon
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whether or not the R group is hydrophobic or hydrophilic
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what are the two characteristic shapes that a primary structured protein will fold into
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alph helix or a beta pleated sheet
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name the organelle that makes up proteins
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ribosome
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the bonds that hold amino acids together in the primary structure are
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peptide bonds
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the force that caues a protein to fold and every second amino acid is
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H-bond
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what are the characteristics shapes generated by the H-bonding when proteins fold
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alpha helix and beta pleated sheets
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when a protein is first made it is in a linear sequence...what structure is that
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primary
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what kind of force causes a protein to go through its first fold and what structure does it create?
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H-bond
secondary structure |
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what interaction causes the folding into a tertiary structure on a protein
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R group interaction
hydrophobic v/s hydrophilic |
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what is the name of a misfolded protein
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prion
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the amount of energy required to start a chemical reaction
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activation energy
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enzymes are proteins and they start off as a linear sequence of their amino acids which is called what structure
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primary structure
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enzymes lower the amount of energy needed to start a chemical reaction means that they
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lower the activation energy
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when proteins fold up they leave ________________ for the two things we want to react together in a chemical reaction
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active sites
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the active sites make it possible for the things we want to participate in a chemical reaction to need less
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activation energy
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enzymes are very _____________ to what they're working on
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specific
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enzymes are very specific on the ____________ they work with
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reactants
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when a chemical reaction needs to occur an enzyme comes in, lets the reactants react with one another and then
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it leaves. It is not changed or consumed.
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enzyme names typically end in
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ase
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the first part of an enzyme name typically describes what the enzyme does
ex... |
sucrase works with sucrose
lipase worked with lipids |
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the cells membrane is called
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a phospholipid bilayer
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Each chromosome is a piece of
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DNA
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the doutside membrane of a cell is called
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phospholipid bilayer
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the little structures inside the nucleus are called
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chromosomes
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human cells have 46 chromosomes or
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23 pairs inside each nucleus
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each chromosome is a piece of
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DNA
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DNA is the stuff that makes up our
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chromosomes
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chromosomes are naturally divided into little sections each called a
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gene
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each gene holds a pattern for a specific
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protein
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what determines a persons genetic make up
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proteins and the genes hold the pattern for the proteins
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4 organic compounds
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carbs
lipids proteins nucleic acids (DNA & RNA) |
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each chromosome is a piece of
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DNA
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each piece of DNA is
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one chromosome
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Each chromosome is divided into sections. Each section is called a
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gene
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Each gene is the pattern for a specific
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protein
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what makes proteins
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ribosomes
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the middle man that goes between the genes in the nucleus and the ribosome outside the nucleus
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RNA
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carbs are made outof subunits called
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sacharides
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the building block units of DNA & RNA are
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nucleotides
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the process of making a mRNA copy of a gene
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transcription
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what is the enzyme that makes the mRNA which is a copy of a gene from the DNA
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RNA polymerase
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the codon AUG is what amino acid
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methionine
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the amino acid methionine is represented by what codon
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AUG
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what is the start codon
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AUG
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what is the first amino acid in all proteins
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methionine
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what amino acid does AUG encode for
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methionine
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carbs are made out of little subunits called
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sacharides
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DNA & RNA are made out of subunits called
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nucleotides
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what are the 3 components of nucleotides
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5 carbon sugar
phosphate group nitrogenous base |
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where is the number 1 carbon
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under the nitrogenous base
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whenever another nucleotide gets added on to a string it gets added where
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to carbon #3 on the previous nucleotide
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the four different possibilities for nitogenous bases
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DNA RNA
A-adenine A T-thymine U-uracil C-cytosine C G-guanine G |
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nucleotides are made up of a 5 carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and one of how many different nitrogenous bases
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4
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always add additional nucleotides to
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carbon #3
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DNA is made up of 2 strands of neucleotides. One is flipped so that their nitrogenous bases line up. What bonds the nitrogenous bases together
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H-bonds
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In DNA the 4 possible nitrogenous bases will always pair as
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A-T
and C-G |
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the process of making an mRNA copy of a gene...the synthesis of mRNA
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transcription
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this goes into the nucleus and scans the DNA for the gene it's looking for
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RNA polymerase
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the process of actually making a protein from mRNA
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translation
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each group of 3 nucleotides in mRNA
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codon
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each codon is the code for a specific
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amino acid
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the AUG codon is
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methionine
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makes ribosomes
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rRNA
ribosomal RNA structural component of the ribosome |
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the copy of the DNA gene
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mRNA
messenger RNA |
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transports the correct aa in order to the ribosome so the ribosome can sew it together
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tRNA
transfer RNA |
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mRNA's start codon will always be
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AUG
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first part of protein synthesis is transcription and is carried out by what enzyme
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RNA polymerase
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making an mRNA copy of a gene is
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transcription
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what is the second part of protein synthesis
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translation
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using a piece of mRNA as a code to make the protein is
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translation
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rRNA is ribosomal RNA and it does what
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it is a piece of RNA and it makes up the ribosome
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the mRNA tells us what
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what amino acid the protein should be
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whatis always the start codon
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AUG
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what amino acid does AUG (the start codon) represent
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methianine or met
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tRNA is
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transfer RNA
the last RNA |
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what is an anticodon
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the nucleotide compliment to the codon in the tRNA
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what happens when the ribosome comes to a stop codon
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the ribosome pulls apart and the mRNA goes away
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codons and anticodons bond with
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H-bonds
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what codon does the tRNA carry
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anticodon-the complimentary codon
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the stop codon does not
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code for any amino acid that is how the ribosome knows the proteins finished
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