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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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121. Findings in Grave’s?
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a. Ophthalmopathy (proptosis, EOM swelling)
b. Pretibial myxedema c. Diffuse goiter d. Often presents during stress (e.g. childbirth) |
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122. Grave’s hypersensitivity type?
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a. Type II.
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123. Thyrotoxicosis?
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a. Stress-induced catecholamine surge leading to death by arrhythmias.
b. Seen as a serious complication of Grave’s and other hyperthyroid disorders. |
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124. Toxic multinodular goiter?
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a. Focal patches of hyperfunctioning follicular cells working independently of TSH due to mutation in TSH receptor.
b. ↑ release of T3 and T4. c. Hot nodules are rarely malignant. |
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125. Jod-Basedow phenomenon?
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a. Thyrotoxicosis if a patient with an iodine deficiency goiter is made iodine replete.
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126. 5 types of Thyroid cancer: just to prep?
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1. Papillary carcinoma
2. Follicular carcinoma 3. Medullary carcinoma 4. Undifferentiated/anaplastic 5. Lymphoma |
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127. Which is the most common thyroid cancer?
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a. Papillary carcinoma
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128. Key histo features for papillary carcinoma?
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a. “gound-glass” nuclei (orphan Annie)
b. Psammoma bodies! c. Nuclear grooves |
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129. Papillary carcinoma prognosis?
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a. Excellent prognosis
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130. What ↑’s the risk of Papillary carcinoma?
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a. Childhood radiation!!!
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131. Follicular carcinoma prognosis and key feature?
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a. Good prognosis
b. Uniform follicles. |
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132. Medullary Carcinoma cell type and histo feature?
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a. From parafollicular “C cells”
b. Produces calcitonin. Sheets of cells in amyloid stroma |
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133. With what 2 conditions in medullary carcinoma associated?
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a. MEN 2A and 2B (3).
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134. Undifferentiated/anaplastic thyroid cancer: in whom does it occur and prognosis?
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a. Older patients
b. Very poor prognosis. |
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135. Thyroid Lymphoma: With what is it associated?
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a. Associated w/Hashimoto’s thyroiditis.
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136. Most common cause of 1º hyperparathyroidism?
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a. Adenoma.
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137. Key lab features of primary hyperparathyroidism?
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a. Hypercalcemia
b. Hypercalciuria (renal stones) c. Hypophosphatemia d. ↑ PTH e. ↑Alk phos f. ↑cAMP in urine. |
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138. Presentation/sx of 1º hyperparathyroidism?
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a. Often asymptomatic or may present w/weakness and constipation “groans”.
b. Osteitis fibrosa cystica: cystic bone space filled with brown fibrous tissue (bone pain). Caused by ↑ osteoclastic activity. |
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139. Secondary Hyperparathyroidism?
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a. 2º hyperplasia due to ↓ gut Ca2+ absorption and ↑ phosphorous.
b. Most often in chronic renal disease. c. Causes hypOvitaminosis D -> ↓ Ca absorption. |
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140. Lab features w/secondary hyperparathyroidism?
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a. Hypocalcaemia!!!! Key difference
b. Hyperphosphatemia (also opposite) c. ↑ alk phos d. ↑ PTH. |
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141. Tertiary hyperparathyroidism?
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a. Refractory (autonomous) hyperparathyroidism resulting from chronic renal disease.
b. ↑↑ PTH c. ↑ Ca2+ |
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142. Renal osteodystrophy?
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a. Bone lesions due to 2º or 3º hyperparathyroidism due in turn to renal disease.
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143. Hypoparathyroidism findings (accidental surgical excision, autoimmune destruction, or DiGeorge)?
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a. Hypocalcaemia, Tetany.
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144. Chvostek’s sign?
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a. Tapping of facial nerve-> contraction of facial muscles.
b. Tests for hypocalcaemia |
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145. Trousseau’s sign?
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a. Occlusion of brachial artery w/BP cuff -> Carpal spasm.
b. Tests for hypocalcaemia |
