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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What caused Italy to desire unification?
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Napoleon invaded and it brought a since of nationalism.
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Who was Camilo di Cavour?
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Known as the brain of the unification for Italy. He is the Prime Minister of Sardinia Piedmont. He improved agriculture and built railroads.
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Who was Victor Emmanuel II?
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King of Sardinia Piedmont. Appoints Cavour to PM. Crowned king of Italy in 1861
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Who was Giuseppe Mazzini?
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Known as the soul of the unification for Italy. He is who dreamed of the unification. Founded Young Italy. “To constitute Italy one, free, independent, republican nation.” He lead a failed revolution in 1849 and then spent most of his life in exile.
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Why did Italy want to unify?
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They shared culture, language, tradition, and it made since geographically.
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Who opposed Italian unification?
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France, Austria, and the Pope because they would lose land.
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What happened to the early northern Italian nationalist revolts?
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It was destroyed by the Austrians.
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How did Cavour take northern Italy?
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He supported the UK and France in a war against Russia. This insured France’s support if they ever got in a war with Austria. Because of the insured support, Cavour provokes a war with Austria and takes back Lombardy. This victory caused other nationalist leaders to overthrow foreign leaders in other Italian states.
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Who is Giuseppe Garibaldi?
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Ally of Mazzini. Known as the sword of the unification of Italy.
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How did they unify southern Italy?
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Garibaldi recruited 1,000 red shirts and with the ships and weapons provided by Cavour took Sicily then went to Naples. Out of fear of Garibaldi starting his own republic Cavour sends troops to meet him at Naples. Garibaldi turns over Sicily and Naples to Victor Emanuel without challenge. Emanuel is then crowned king.
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After 1861 what two areas still remained out of Italian control?
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Rome and Venetia. They acquire V from Bismarck and are given R after the Franco – Prussian war in 1870.
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What did Napoleon do to spark the German unification?
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He took land along the Rhine River and dissolved the Holy Roman Empire. 1806-1812
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When was the German Confederation formed?
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1815 at the Congress of Vienna.
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Who is King Wilhelm I?
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The king of Prussia. Makes Bismarck Prime Minister.
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Who is Otto von Bismarck?
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Prime Minister of Prussia. He was the ultimate schemer. Perseus aggressive foreign policy.
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Who said that Prussia needs to grow using “blood and iron”
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Bismarck.
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In order with who did Bismarck start wars with using his aggressive foreign policy?
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Demark – Austria – France
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What was the Danish War?
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1864 Austria and Prussia become allies and take the lands of Schleswig and Holstein. Austria – Holstein. Prussia – Schleswig
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What was the Austro-Prussian war?
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Bismarck invents an excuse to invade in 1866 and Austria is defeated. War lasts 7 weeks. Gains Holstein. Causes Venice to go to Italy. Prussians led the North German Confederation that replaced the old Austrian German Confederation.
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What was the Franco-Prussian War?
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1870 - Napoleons conquering of German land from the past coupled with Napoleon III (King of France) was not happy with Prussia defeating Austria created a growing rivalry. Prussian army, supported by armies of other German states, is too strong. After defeating France King Wilhelm I takes the title of Kaiser.
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When is the German Empire founded?
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1871
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Explain newly formed German Empire government
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Ruled by Kaiser – Constitution written by Bismarck. 2 houses of Legislatives: Bundesrat and Reichstag
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What were the nationalist interests in WWI?
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Austria had a strong since of nationalism after the issues with Serbs, Bulgarians, and the Romanians. Britain needed to maintain the trade monopoly in the E Mediterranean. France wanted to regain Alsace-Lorraine. Russia wanted to control the Black Sea.
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What was the Triple Alliance?
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Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy.
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What was the Triple Entente?
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France, Russia, and Britain.
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What were the causes of WWI?
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Nationalism, Imperialism, Alliances, Militarism, and lack of international peace.
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What was the Assassination of France Ferdinand?
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June 28, 1914 the Austrian king was killed in Sarajevo, Bosnia by the Serbian Gavrilo Princip.
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What was the Black Hand?
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A Bosnian society committed to ridding Bosnia of Austrian rule.
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Who made up the Central Powers?
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Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Bulgaria. (GAB)
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Who made up the Allied Powers?
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Britain, France, Russia, Serbia, Belgium. Later joined by Japan, Italy, and the US.
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What was the Battle of Marne?
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1914 - Most important battle. Began trench warfare. Germany attempted to invade France through Belgium but the Belgium forces slowed their advance. France was then able to push Germany out of France which destroyed the Schlieffen Plan. Western front was a stalemate. Lost 1.5 million in the 1st three months.
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What was Total War?
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Concept of all efforts of country going toward the war.
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What was the Western Front?
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The deadlock region between the borders of France and Germany.
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What was the Schlieffen Plan?
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To defeat France in the west and rush over to fight Russia in the East. This could have worked because Russia was slower due to their lack of railroads.
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What was the battle of Gallipoli?
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1915 – France/British to open the blocked sea trade in the Black Sea so they could help Russia. Attempt to open Dardanelles channel and occupy Constantinople. Allies withdrew in 1916
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What was the battle of Verdun?
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1916 – German attack on Verdun was complete surprise. Isolated the French out of their trenches. Lots of casualties with little change to the front line.
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What was the battle of Somme?
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1916 – British artillery launch a week long artillery strike against the German trenches. Most casualties in British military history in a day w/ 60,000. 1.25 million total. Little gained. Stalemate.
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What went on in the eastern front in 1914?
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Hindenburg and Ludendorff leads G to major victory at the battle of Tannenburg. But failed to knock Russia out.
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What was unrestricted submarine warfare?
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War tactic of Germans to sink any ship in British waters without warning. Had in 1915 for a little and brought back in 1917.
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What was Lusitania?
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British passenger ship sunk by unrestricted submarine warfare which held 128 US citizens. Helped drive the US into WWI.
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What were the reasons the USA entered the war?
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Lusitania, Unrestricted submarine warfare, and the Zimmerman note. (LUZ)
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When did the USA enter WWI?
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April 1917.
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What was the Zimmerman note?
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Note intercepted from Germans to Mexico saying that if they declared war on the USA creating a 2 front war for the US the Germans would help conquer the land the USA took from them. Was the last straw for the USA and caused them to join in on the action.
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What is rationing?
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Economic effect of the war. You were only allowed to buy a small amount of the items that were needed for the war.
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What was propaganda?
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One-sided information used to persuade citizens
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What was Jutland?
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(1916) Only major naval battle of WWI. Britain/Germany. The German naval was contained.
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What was International Women’s Day demonstration?
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March 8, 1917 what began as a women’s day rally turned into a strike. Shut down almost all industrial enterprise. Forced a provisional government to be established by March 12.
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Who were Prince Georgy Lvov and Aleksandr Kerensky?
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The first and second Prime Ministers of the new Russian Gov.
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Who was Vladimir Lenin?
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The Leader of the Bolsheviks against the Mensheviks in the Russian Revolution.
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What was Bolshevik Revolution?
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Russian revolution - November 6-7, 1917 – Failure to introduce social change and failure to get Russia out of the war.
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What was the treaty of Brest-Litovsk?
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1918 - Get Russia out of the war in exchange for land to Germany.
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Who fought in the Russian Civil War?
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1918-1922 – Red (confederate) army vs White army.
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What was Wilson’s 14 points?
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Statement given by President Woodrow Wilson calling for postwar peace in Europe. 1. Open covenants 2. Freedom of the sea 3. Equality of trade conditions 4. Reduction of national arsenals 5-13. Self determination of subject peoples 14. Formation of league of nations.
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What was the Treaty of Versailles?
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1919 – WWI ended and peace conditions were settled along with German punishment.
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Who were the big four in the Treaty of Versailles?
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David George – UK Georges Clemenceau – France Woodrow Wilson – USA Vittorio Orlando – Italy.
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