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160 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The body has ____ number of bones
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206
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Musucloskeletal system consists of bones, joints, and m______
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muscles
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The musculoskeletal system is needed for support, to stay e++++; for movement. The system functions to: to encase and protect the inner v____ organs such as brain and spinal cord, to produce the red blood cells in the brain marrow (hematopoiesis), and as a reservoir of storage for minerals such as calcium and p_______
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erect
vital phosphorous |
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Synovial joints are :freely moveable joints; enclosed in a joint cav____ that is filled with syn_____ fluid, a l______. Bones are separated from each other.
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cavity
synovial lubricant |
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Nonsynovial joints- immovable/slightly moveable (slightly moveable ae v_______). Bones are united by fib+++++ tissue or cartilage and are immovable. An example are the sutures in the s+++++
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vertebrae
fibrous skull |
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In synovial joints, a layer of cartilage covers the surface of opposing b_______. Cartilage is avascular or without b______ vessels. Cartilage receives nourishment from synovial fluid that circulates during joint m_______
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bones
blood movement |
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Cartilage is a stable connective tissue with a slow cell t_______. Cartilage is tough but flexible. Gives a smooth surface to faciliatate movement and cushions the b_____
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turnover
bone |
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The synovial joint is surrounded by a f______ capsule and is supported by lig______. Ligaments are fibrous bands running from one bone to another that strengthen the joint and help prevent movement in undesirable directions.
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fibrous
ligaments |
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Long bones produce RBCs and m++++++
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minerals
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Ligaments connect bone to bone and tendons connect bone to m________
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muscle
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Flexion- bending a limb at a j+++++
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joint
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skeleton is a bony framework of ____ bones
Bones are specialized forms of connective tissue. Hard, rigid dense. Cells continually t______ |
206
turning over |
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extension- stra_______ out a limb at a joint
abduction- moving a l_____ away from the midline of the body. |
straightening
limb |
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Pronation- turning the forearm so that the palm is d+++++
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down
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Adduction- moving a limb toward the mid_____ of the body
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midline
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Supination turning the forearm so that the palm is ____
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up
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circumduction- moving the arm in a circle around the sh______
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shoulder
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The joint is a place of union of two or more b______
Nonsynovial- united by fibrous tissue or c______ Synovial enclosed in a joint cavity moveable vs nonsynovial |
bones
cartilage |
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Bursa is capsule of j_____
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joint
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Muscles account for 40-50% of body w_______
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weight
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Muscle contraction produces 3 types of muscle: skeletal, smooth, and c________
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cardiac
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Smooth and cardiac muscles are in_______ and skeletal is v_________
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involuntary
voluntary |
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Inversion= moving the sole of the foot in_____ at the a______
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inward
ankle |
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Eversion= moving the sole of the foot out_____ at the a______
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outward
ankle |
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Rotation= moving the head around a central a_______
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axis
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Protraction moving a body part forward such as the j++++, shoulders, and pelvis, and parallel to the ground
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jaw
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Retraction= moving a body part back____ and parallel to the ground, such as jaw and shoulder.
++++++= moving a body part forward and parallel to the ground |
backward
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Elevation= raising a body part
________= lowering a body part |
depression
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Spine _____ bones stacked in vertebral column
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33
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Spine= 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, ___ sacral, ___ to 4 coccygeal vertebrae
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5, 3
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Sacral vertebrae are f______. No mobility but distal to the area that moves.
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fused
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The temporal mandibular joint is the articulation of the mandible and the t+++++ bone. Permits jaw function for chewing and speaking. 3 motions: h------- action to open and close the jaw, gliding action for pro______ and retraction, gliding for side to side movement of the lower jaw.
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temporal
hinge protrusion |
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Spine: the vertebrae are ____ connnecting bones stacked in a vertical column
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33
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The spinous processes of C7 and ))))) are are prominent at the base of the n))))))
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T1
neck |
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The inferior angle of the scapula is normally is at the level of the interspace between T7 and
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T8
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An imaginary line connecting the highest point on each iliac crest crosses ++++
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L4
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The intervetebral disks are elastic fibrocartilogineous plates that constitute 1/4 of the length of the _______ Each disk center has a nucleus p______made of soft, semifluid mucoid material that has the consistency of toothpaste in the young adult.
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column
pulposus |
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The intervertebral disks cushion the spine like a shock absorber and help it to _______ As the spine moves, the elasticity of the disks allows compression on one side with compensatory ex_______ on the other.
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move
expansion |
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If pressure is too great, the disk can r_____ and the nucleus pulposus can herniate out of the vertebral column, compressing on the s____ nerves and causing pain.
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rupture
spinal |
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The glenohumeral joint is the articulation of the humerous with the glenoid f____ of the scapula. Its ball and s------- action allows greater mobility of the arm on many axises.
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fossa
socket |
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The ball and socket joint, the g______ joint is enclosed by a group of ____ powerful muscles and tendons that support and stabilize it. Together these are called the r++++ cuff of the shoulder.
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glenhumeral
4 rotater |
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The large sub_______ bursa helps during abduction of the arm so that the greater t______ of the humerus moves easily under the acronium process of the scapula
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subacromial
tubercle |
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Tempomandibular joint: Allows three motions:
Hinge action to open/close jaws G_____ action to protrude/retract Gliding action for side-to-side movement |
gliding
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S______ Muscle, or voluntary, produce:
Flexion 8. Inversion Extension 9. Eversion Abduction 10. Rotation Adduction 11. Protraction Pronation 12. Retraction Supination 13. Elevation Circumduction 14. Depression |
skeletal
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Spine
33 bones stacked in vertebral column 7 cervical 12 thoracic ___ lumbar 5 sacral 3 to 4 coccygeal |
5
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Intervetebral discs
Nucleus pulposus Allows for flexion, ex______, abduction, & rot______ |
extension
rotation |
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Shoulder
Glenohumeral joint Articulation of humerus with sc_____ Ball-and-soc____ joint allows great mobility Rotator cuff _____powerful muscles & tendons Subacromial bursa Helps during arm ab_____ |
scapula
socket 4 abduction |
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Elbow
Hinge action moves radius & u_____ Allows fle_____ & extension of forearm |
ulna
flexion |
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Wrist & Carpals
Wrist = rad_______ joint Articulates radius with row of carpals Midcarpal joint Articulates two rows of carpals Carpals Joints allow flexion/extension of fingers |
radiocarpal
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The elbow joint contains the 3 bony articulations of the humerus, radius, and _____ of the forearm. Its hinge action moves the forearm (ulna and r____) on one plane allowing extension and flexion.
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ulna
radius |
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Landmarks of the elbow are the medial and lateral epi++++++ of the humerous and the large o+++++ process of the ulna in between them.
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epicondyles
olecranon |
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The radius and ulna articulate with each other at 2 radioulnar joints one at the elbow and one at the _____. Allow pronation and supination of hand and forearm.
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wrist
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Hip
Articulation of acetabulum & fe_____ head Ball-and-soc___ action permits wide motion |
femur
socket |
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Hip
Large weight-bear____ joint Stability due to: Powerful muscles Strong articular capsule Deep insertion of fe____ h------ |
weight-bearing
femur head |
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Knee
Articulates 3 bones: femur, tibia, pa_____ Largest joint of body Hinge joint Provides flexion/extension of lower leg Medial & lateral menisci Cruciate ligaments-Either of a pair of ligaments in the k____ that cross each other and connect the femur to the tibia. |
patella
knee |
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Ankle & Foot
Ankle = tib______ joint Articulates tibia, fibula, & talus Hinge joint Limited to flexion & extension Medial & lateral malleolus- a rounded process, such as the protuberance on either side of the an____ joint at the lower end of the fib___and the tibia.malle´olar rounded bony prominence, such as those on either side of the ankle joint |
tibiotalar
ankle fibular |
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Joints distal to ankle give added mobility to foot
Sub_____ = inversion & eversion of foot Weight-bearing distributed between heel & metatarsal heads |
subtalar
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Elbow- the radius and ulna articulate with each other at two radio_____ joints, one at the elbow and one at the wrist. These move together to permit pronation and su+++++ of the hand and forearm.
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radioulnar
supination |
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Of the body's 206 bones, over half are in the hands and f_____. The wrist or radiocarpal joint is the articulation of the r____ (on the thumb side) and a row of carpal bones .
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feet
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The wrist or radio++++ joint is the articulation of the radius, on the thumb side, and a row of car____ bones. Its conyloid action permits movment in 2 planes at right angles: flexion and extension and side to side action.
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radiocarpal
carpal |
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The midcarpal joint is the articulation between the two parallel rows of c____ bones. It allows flexion, extension, and some r_____.
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carpal
rotation |
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The meta________ and the interphalangeal joints permit finger flexion and extension. The flexor tendons of the wrist and hand are enclosed in synovial sheaths.
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metacarpophalangeal
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the hip is the articulation between the ace+++++and the head of the femur.
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acetabulum
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Hip joint ball and s______ motion
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socket
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Infants & children
Epiphyses = growth plates Len______ of bones during growth |
lengthening
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Pregnant female
More flexible joints, esp. pelvis Lor______ |
lordosis
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The hip joint has somewhat less motion than the shoulder j______
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joint
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3 bursae facilitate movement in the
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hip
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you can feel the entire iliac crest from the anterior superior i+++++ spine to the posterior. The ischial t________ lies under the gluteus maximus muscle and is palpable when the hip is flexed. The greater trochanter of the f_____ is the width of a person's palm below the iliac crest and halfway between the anterior iliac spine and ischial tuberosity.
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ischial
tuberosity femur |
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The knee is the largest j_____ in the body. Articulation of the femur, tibia, and p+++++.
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joint
patella |
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The knee's synovial membrane is the l+++++ in the body. It forms a sac at the superior border of the patella called the supra+++++ pouch which extends up as much as 6 cm behind the quadriceps muscle.
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largest
suprapatellar |
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two wedge shaped cartilages called the medial and lateral menisci cushion the t____ and f_____.
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tibia
femur |
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The knee joint is is stabilized by two set of ligaments, the cruci_____ ligaments crisscross within the knee and give anterior and posterior stability and control the sides.
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cruciate
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The collateral ligaments connect the joint at both s_____ . They give medial and lateral stability and prevent dis______.
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sides
dislocation |
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The prepatelar bursa lies between the patella and the skin. The infra_____ fat pad is a small triangular fat pad below the patella behind the patellar l+++++
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infrapatellar
ligament |
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Landmarks of the knee joint start with the large q_______ muscle which you can feel on your anterior and posterior thigh.
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quadriceps
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The knee muscle's four tendons merge into a common tendon that continues down to enclose the the round and bony patella. Then the tendon inserts down on the tibial tub))))))) which you can feel as a bony prominence in the midline. Lateral and medial condyles of the tibia on superior and latera.
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tuberosity
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The ankle is the tibio+++++ joint or the articulation of the tibia, fibula, and talus. It is a hinge joint, limited to flexion ( dorsiflexion) and extension (plantar flexion) on one plane.
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tibiotalar
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Landmarks of the ankle are the medial malleolus and the lateral _______ , strong tight medial and lateral l+++++ that extend from each malleolus onto the foot. Help the lateral stability of the ankle. Although they may be torn in eversion and inversion.
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malleolus
ligament |
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Bone grows in 2 dimensions. Increase in diameter around the shafts. Lengthen occurs at epip++++ or growth plates.
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epiphyses
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Epiphyses are specialized growth centers or transverse d+++++ located at the end of long bones.
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disks
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Trauma or infection at the location of the epiphyses puts the growing child at risk for de_______
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deformities
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Pregnant woman the most characteristic change is progressive lordosis which compensates for the enlarging f))))))). Otherwise the center of balance would shift forward. Lordosis compensates for the shifting the weight farther back on the lower ex______
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fetus
extremities |
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Bone remodeling is a cyclic process of bone resorption and deposition. After age 40 loss of bone matrix or resorption occurs more rapidly than new bone formation. Age 43- in females and age 40 in males- progressive loss of height. Net effect is a gradual loss of bone d_____ or osteoporosis
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density
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Decreased height in age is due to the shortening of the v______ column. Caused by loss of water content and thinning of intervetebral disks and by a decrease in height of individual vertebrae from os_______
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vertebral
osteoporosis |
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Decrease in ht not significant until 60 and a greater decrease occurs in the 70s and ++++
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80s
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With aging loose fat in the face, and deposit in the a______. Leaves bony prominences.
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abdomen
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Joint pain and loss of function are the most common musculoskeletal concerns that prompt seeking c_____. RA involves sym_____ joints and other illnesses involve isolated or unilateral joints. tender with acute inflammation
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care
symmetric |
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RA pain is worse in the morning when arising and OA is worse later in the day. Tendinitis is worse in the morning and improves during the
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day
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Movement increases joint pain, except in RA in which movement d_____ pain.
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decreases
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Joint pain 10 to 14 days after an untreated strep throat suggests rheumatic f______. Joint injury occurs from trauma and repetitive motion.
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fever
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RA stiffness occurs in the morning and after r____ periods. Suggests acute inflammation.
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rest
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Decreased ROM may be due to joint injury to cartilage or capsule or to muscle _______
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contracture
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Myalgia is felt as cramping or a++++++. Myalgia is pain in muscle or group of muscles.
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aching
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Weakness may involve musculoskeletal system or neuologic or b))))))
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both
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Fracture causes sharp pain that increases with m______
Other bone pain feels dull or deep and is unrelated to movement. |
movement
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Functional Assessment screens safety of independent living, the need for home health, and quality of _____
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life
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Joints
Pain Stiffness Swelling, heat, redness Limitation of movement Muscles Pain (cramps) Weakness sub_____ data |
subjective
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Bones
Pain Deformity Trauma (fractures, sprains, dislocations) Functional assessment ADLs Self-care behaviors sub______ data |
subjective
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Obj_____ data
Joints Inspection Size, contour, color, swelling, masses, deformity Palpation Skin temp., muscles, bony articulations, joint capsules Range of Motion (ROM) Active ROM & passive motion |
objective
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Muscle testing
5 = Normal - full ROM, full resistance 4 = Good - full ROM, s_____ resistance 3 = Fair - full ROM w/ gravity 2 = Poor - full ROM w/ gravity eliminated 1 = Trace - slight contraction 0 = Zero - no contraction |
some
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Straight leg raises or LASEGUE’S TEST produces back & leg pain (sciatic pain) & helps to confirm a herniated d____. A negative test should produce NO PAIN.
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disc
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TMJ - inspect, test mobility, clicks
Cervical Spine Inspect alignment of head/neck Movement of neck Palpate spinous processes & muscles Spine Inspect & note for alignment Normal convex thorax, concave lu______ Range of motion |
lumbar
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Kyphosis - enhanced thoracic curve
Normal in aging adult Lordosis - pronounced lumbar curve Common in obese person Scoliosis - lateral C shaped c_____ side to side |
curve
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Assess for self esteem, loss of inde)))))))), body image disturbance, and social isolation.
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independence
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Traumatic delivery increases risk for fractures of clavicle and hum++++
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humerus
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Swelling may be excess joint fluid (effusion) thickening of the synovial lining, inflammation of surrounding soft tissue (bur____, tendons) or bony en++++++
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bursae
bony enlargement |
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Dislocation- complete loss of contact between the two bones in a j+++++
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joint
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Subluxation- two bones in a joint stay in contact but their allignment is _____
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off
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Contracture- shortening of a muscle leading to limited ROM of a ))))))
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joint
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Ankylosis is the stiffness or fixation of a _______. Warmth and tenderness signals in________
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joint
inflammation |
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palpable fluid is ab))))))
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abnormal
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Limitation in ROM is the most sensitive sign of joint d______
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disease
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Articular disease (inside the joint capsule such as arthritis, produces swelling and tenderness around the whole j_______and limits all ranges of motion in both active and p_____
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joint
passive |
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Extraarticular disease to a particular tendon, ligament, or nerve produces swelling and tenderness in one spot in the joint and affects only certain planes of R_____, especially during voluntary motion.
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ROM
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Crepitation is an audible and pa++++++ crunching or grating that accompanies movement. It occurs when the articular surfaces of in the joints are roughened as with ______
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palpable
RA |
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Swelling looks like a round bulge over a joint. Creptitus and pain occur with temporalmandibular joint dys++++++
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dysfunction
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lateral action may be lost earlier and more significantly than v++++++
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vertical
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chin to chest - 45 deg
chin tow ceiling- 55 ear to shoulder 40 deg chin toward shoulder ____ |
70deg
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Atrophy shows a lack of f______.Dislocated shoulder loses the normal rounded shape and looks flattened l++++++
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fullness
laterally |
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Swelling of subacromial bursa is localized under deltoid muscle and may be accentuated when the person tries to a++++++ the arm.
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abduct
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Divided into two parts
Central nervous system (CNS) Peripheral nervous system _____ pairs cranial nerves 31 pairs spinal nerves |
12
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Cerebral cortex
Cerebrum’s outer layer of n_____ cell bodies Gray matter Lacks m______ Center for human’s highest functions Memory, thought, reasoning, sensation & voluntary movement |
nerve
myelin |
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Cerebral cortex
Each half is a hemisphere Each hemisphere divided into _____ lobes: |
4
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Each hemisphere divided into four lobes:
Frontal - personality, behavior, emotions Broca’s area mediates motor ________ Parietal - primary center for sensation Occipital - primary visual receptor center Temporal - primary auditory reception center Wernicke’s area associated with l______comprehension |
speech
language comprehension |
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Basal ganglia
Automatic ass________ movement Thalamus Main re______ station for NS Sensory pathways form synapses |
associated
relay |
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Hypothalamus
Controls vi_____ functions Cerebellum Motor coordination of vol______ movement Equilibrium Muscle tone |
vital
voluntary |
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Brain stem
Midbrain Contains neurons & tr_______ Pons Ascending & descending fi_____ tracts |
tracts
fibers |
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Medulla
Connects brain & sp_____ cord Vital autonomic centers Pyramidal decus_______ |
spinal
decussation |
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Spinal cord
Long cyli_______ structure of nervous tissue Upper two th______ of vertebral canal From medulla to lumbar vertebrae L1- L----- |
cylindrical
thirds L2 |
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Spinal Cord- Highway for ascending & descending fiber tracts
Mediates ref______ |
reflexes
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Crossed representation
Notable feature of nerve tracts Left cerebral cortex gets sensory info from & controls motor function to ______ side of the body Right cerebral cortex interacts with left side of the body |
right
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Sensory pathways
Receptors in skin, mucous membranes, muscles, tendons, & viscera Sensation travels in af_______ fibers to peripheral nerves, through posterior root, & to spinal cord Spinothalamic tract Sensory fibers of pain, temperature, & crude or light touch Posterior (Dorsal) column Position, vibration, & finely localized touch |
afferent
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Motor pathways
Corticospinal or Pyramidal Tract Originates in pyramidal-shaped cells in m_____ cortex Mediate voluntary movement Skilled, pur_______ movement (writing) Newer, higher motor system Extrapyramidal Tracts Motor nerve fibers originating in motor cortex, basal ganglia, brain stem, & spinal cord Older, lower, more primitive motor system Maintain muscle tone, controls gross body movements (walking) |
motor
purposeful |
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Cerebellar System
Coordinates movement Maintains equilibrium Helps maintains posture Receives info on position of muscles & joints Occurs on sub______ level |
subconcious
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Upper motor neurons
Descending motor fibers Influence & modify l_____ motor neurons Convey impulses from cerebral cortex to lower motor neurons Lower motor neurons Located in peripheral nervous system “Final common pathway” Funnels many signals, provides direct contact with muscle |
lower
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Nerve - bundle of fibers outside of C_____
Carry input to CNS via sensory afferent fibers Deliver output from CNS via eff______ fibers |
CNS
efferent |
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Reflex Arc
Defense mechanism of nervous system Involuntary, operate below LOC control Quick reaction to potential danger Four types: 1) deep tendon, 2) superficial, 3) visceral, 4) pat______ |
pathologic
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PNS
Cranial Nerves 12 pairs Supply head & ne____, except vagus I & II stem from cer______ III through XII from diencephalon & brain stem |
neck
cerebrum |
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PNS
Spinal Nerves------ pairs from length of spinal cord Supply rest of body ____ cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal |
31
8 |
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PNS
I Olfactory VII Facial II Optic VIII Acoustic III Oculomotor IX Glossopharyngeal IV Trochlear X Vagus V Trigeminal XI Spinal VI Abducens XII ________ |
hypoglossal
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On Old Olympus' Towering Top A Finn And German Viewed Some Hops
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cranial nerves
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ANS
Nerves carry fibers that divide functionally into 2 parts: Somatic Innervate ske______ (voluntary) muscle Autonomic Innervate smooth (involuntary) muscles, cardiac muscle, & glands Mediates unconscious activity Maintains homeostasis |
skeletal
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Infants
Neuro system not fully developed at birth Sensory/motor development as my____ develops (conducts impulses) |
myelin
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Aging adult
General atrophy as neurons in brain/spinal cord lost Nerve conduction by 5-____% with age, reaction time Muscle strength & agility |
10%
|
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Sub______ data
Headache Head injury Dizziness / vertigo Seizures Tremors weakness |
subjective
|
|
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Sub_____ data
Incoordination Numbness or tingling Difficulty swallowing Difficulty speaking Significant past history Environmental/occupational hazards. |
subjective
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Test Cranial Nerves
____Olfactory: (test only when loss of smell) II Optic: visual acuity |
CNI
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|
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Test Cranial Nerves
III, IV, VI Oculomotor, Trochlear, Abducens: Palpebral fissures, ptosis, extraocular movements (6 cardinal positions of gaze), nystagmus V Trigeminal: motor function (mastication/masseter muscles, clench teeth), sensory (opthalmic, maxillary, mandibular), c_____reflex (cotton wisp touch cornea) |
corneal
|
|
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Test Cranial Nerves
VII Facial: mobility & facial symmetry (smile, frown, close eyes, lift eyebrows, show teeth) Test sensory only if suspect nerve in+++++ |
injury
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Test Cranial Nerves
VIII Acoustic: hearing acuity IX, X Glossopharyngeal, Vagus: Motor (depress tongue, say ahh, g____ reflex), sensory (too difficult to test) |
gag
|
|
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Inspect & Palpate Motor System
Muscles Size, strength, tone, involuntary movement Cerebellar function Balance Tests Gait, Ro______ Test |
Romberg
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|
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Coordination & skilled movements
Rapid alternating movement (RAM) Finger to finger Finger to nose Heel to ______ |
shin
|
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Assess the Sensory System
Spinothalamic Tract Pain, temp, light t______ |
touch
|
|
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Posterior Column Tract
Vibration, position, fine touch, stereogenesis Grapesthesia, two-point discr_______ Extinction, point location |
discrimination
|
|
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Test the Reflexes
Stretch or Deep Tendon Reflex (DTR) Biceps (C5 to C___) Triceps (C7 to C___) Brachioradialis (C5 to C6) Quadriceps “knee jerk” (L2 to L4) Achilles “ankle jerk” (L5 to S2) Clonus |
C6
C8 |
|
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There are sensory receptors in the skin that evoke a localized muscular contractions. With the exception of infancy, a Babinski reflex should not occur in an adult. The test is done by striking the lateral aspect of the sole of the foot. A positive response is dorsiflexion of the great toes & fan______ out of all toes.
|
fanning
|
|
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Superficial (Cutaneous) Reflexes
Abdominal - upper (T8 to T__), lower (T10 to T__) Cremastic (L1 to L2) Plantar (L4 to S2) Positive Babinski abnormal in adult |
T10,
T12 |
|
|
Developmental Care
Infants Failure to obtain a skill by expected time Reflex persistence beyond normal time Aging adult Senile trem____ Dyskinesias - abnormality or impairment of voluntary movement DTRs less brisk |
tremors
|
|
|
Neurologic Recheck
Level of consciousness Motor function Pupillary response Vital signs Glasgow C____ Scale (GCS) Eye opening, motor response, verbal response 3 to 15 |
coma
|
