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58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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A. The Tokugawa (edo) period
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-Started by Ieyasu, then quickly passed on to his son
-Peace, economic, agriculture, and population growth (18-30 million) -All Daimyo were vassals of the shogun , because some daimyo were trusted more than others they put them into three classifying groups -To keep Daimyo in check, the bakufu limited them to one castle each, no ships, and a limited military -Ideals of feudal system (SPAM): Samurai, Peasant, Artisan, Merchant -Urban culture: reaches a high point, pleasure districts become popular. Kabuki theater became popular and transformed from all women to all men. New styles of poetry arrise |
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B. The decline of the Tokugawa shogunate
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-Famine and political problems lead to financial distress.
-Kansei reforms enacted to lower price of rice, restrictions on merchant guilds, rent control. -After reforms, things quickly turned south. Famine struck again, this time bringing riots -Opium wars in China forced them to be open to trade. Subsequently, US mission to Japan began treaties that ended the Tokugawa policy of seclusion and undermined the authority of the bakufu |
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A. The Meiji period
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-Meiji restoration. Capital moved to Edo, renamed Tokyo.
-Charter of oath gives values of new regime: matters of state should be decided by public discussion, importance of welfare of country underlined -Abolished feudal system -Conscripted army -Iwakura mission: government leaders leave to go view american, european culture and government -When they return, a split in government between those who wanted to invade korean and the others who plan on modernization -Meiji era signifies an openness to the west -New interests in christianity, liberalism, social darwism -First university established, kids sent abroad to study |
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A. The Taisho Period
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-Period begins with political/financial crisis when there was not enough funding for both the military and domestic program
-New imperial image: wedding celebration, imperial family as nuclear family -Age of party politics -Japan Enters WWI -Women allowed to attend political party meetings |
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B. The Russo-Japanese War
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-Russia becomes a dominant asian power, building railway and expanding.
-Great Britain allies with Japan as it is also concerned with Russia's eastward expansion -Japan won despite losses on both sides, the Japanese beat Russia on land and at sea. In an 18,000 mile trip to due a British blockade, russia sent 35 ships but lost all but 4 to the Japanese. -All over Asia people were impressed of Japans victory -Result: Economic expansion in Manchuria |
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C. What actions did Japan take during WWI?
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-Declare war on Germany, hold German colonies in Asia
-Demand 21 things from China. E.g, acknowledge Japans dominance in Manchuria, grant Japan first rights in investing in Chinese mines, accept Japanese Military, political, financial advisors |
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C. Alternate attendance system (sankin kotai)
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(Tokugawa) This system of alternate attendance forced the daimyo to spend alternate years living in Edo, where the bakufu could keep an eye on them. When they did go back to their domains, they had to leave their wives and children behind as hostages. This drained the daimyo financially and strengthened the bafuku politically
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A. The Early Showa period (1926-1945)
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-Obsession to control Manchuria for economic appeal, independence
-In 1932 army declares the formation of an independant country -Clash between Japanese and Chinese on bridge marks the start of the second Sino-Japanese war, that in 1941 merged into WWII -Japanese forces take over much of China, execute the Nanjing massacre -Censorship becomes common -Become allies with Italy and Germany -1940: co prosperity sphere reality: expand japan for economic independence from west -1941 attack on Pearl Harbor due to economic sanctions of oil/rubber put on them by US -War causes rationing of goods, and as US forces came closer to Japan bombs were dropped on Japan -Soviet entry into war/atomic bombs force surrender of Japanese forces |
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C. What was the Manchurian incident (mukden incident)?
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-Early Showa Period
-Military leaders dissatisfaction with political leaders and sense of a divine mission overseas prompted action -Manchuria has strategic value in separating Japan from economic independence of the west -Political government unable to stop army -Took over Manchuria in 1931 and created a puppet state, fought Chinese forces -Precursor to full scale war |
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B. Japans colonization of Korea
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-Forced Koreans to speak japanese
-Force them to worship Shinto Shrines -Teached them to dislike western imperialism -All of this was offset by the cruelness of Japanese soldiers and imperialistic exploitation |
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A. The occupation period
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-Japan had to relinquish areas siezed since 1895, such as manchuria, korea and taiwan
-At home, Imperial Japan was discredited -Allied occupation, with US in charge -(SCAP) Supreme Commander, Allied Powers in charge -Homelessness, cities largely destroyed, economy wrecked -With food shortage an issue, black markets arise -Constitution drafted and dictated by the occupation takes effect in 1947 |
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B. Drafting of the Postwar Japanese Constitution
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-May 1947
-Peace provides new structure to the constitution -Emperor only a symbol of the nation -Diet highest authority -Independent judiciary -Women gain suffrage -Progressive equality and labor provisions |
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B. Economic Development in Postwar Japan
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-In the 1950's, economy heals and continues to grow
-Great strides made in heavy industry -Japan uses port cities for manufacturing plants for easy, low cost transportation of goods -Worlds leading shipbuilder, third largest producer of iron and steel, investments in technologies -Produced everything! |
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C. What is the "reverse course?"
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-A change in US policy toward Japan
-During occupation -US looked at Japan as possibly economically powerful, and a needed ally -During mounting cold war tension, US wanted Japan to help fight against communism, which had already took a hold of China |
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C. What is the significance of the AMPO treaty?
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-Signed again in 1960
-Political animosity had reached its greatest intensity -Renewal of the SECURITY TREATY with the US, gave fear to some that the renewal of the treaty endangered Japan to be involved with American wars -Millions protested, some scared of nuclear war |
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B. The development of the modern Japanese state
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-Change from Feudal government to Bureaucratic
-Charter Oath gives ideals of new regime -Abolished the han |
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Tokugawa Ieyasu
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-appointed shogun in 1603
-he confirmed the status of the emperor as well as the hegemony he had established at the decisive battle of Sekigahara in 1600, a victory marking the effective beginning of the Tokugawa rule. -Essential structure of the Tokugawa political system was devised by Ieyasu -Separated Daimyos into groups of trustworthiness -Employed the system of alternate attendance |
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South Manchurian Railway
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Part of Japan’s economic expansion, was engaged in shipping, public utilities, and mining, as well as railroading, 79 percent of all Japanese investments in Manchuria were in the South Manchurian Railway
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Bakufu
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-tent government
-the system of government -Used to describe Japans feudal military dictatorship -Consisted of powerful shoguns who had the ability to make strict enforcing laws on people and Daimyos |
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Fudai
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-House of Daimyo that was most trustworthy by the bakufu
-Most had been Tokugawa family vassals raised to Daimyo status -To secure itself militarily, the Tokugawa placed its fudai in strategic areas |
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Tozama
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was a daimyo who was considered an outsider by the rulers of Japan. The term came into use in the Kamakura period and continued until the end of the Edo period.
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Kabuki
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-Originally began as a troupe of female dancers
-Soon female actors were banned by the Bakufu due to violent outbursts -Then young boys, then young men -Actors used lots of energy, wore gorgeous costumes |
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Ogyu Sorai
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-An opponent of Song philosophy.
-Rejected the idea of the human realm and the outer world of heaven and earth. -He was a complex, multi sided thinker and writer |
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Richardson Affair
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The Namamugi Incident (also known sometimes as the Kanagawa Incident, and as the Richardson Affair) was a samurai assault on foreign nationals in Japan on September 14, 1862, which resulted in the August 1863 bombardment of Kagoshima, during the Late Tokugawa shogunate. In Japanese the bombardment is described as a war between the United Kingdom and Satsuma domain, the Anglo-Satsuma War
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Dutch Learning
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-The Dutch were the only westerners allowed even limited access to Japan during the Tokugawa period
-Because of this access, it is from them the Japanese got their information about the West -The Dutch were rumored to be the "red-haired barbarians" -The Dutch drew the attention of serious scholars after 1720 |
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Haikai
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-Light verse that grew out of Renga
-One poet would start out, leaving friends to continue -Used everyday speech and humor -Turned its back on aristocratic refinement |
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Zen
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-The emergence of Zen as a distinct school of Buddhism was first documented in China in the 7th century CE. From China, Zen spread south to Vietnam, and east to Korea and Japan
-Enjoyed bakufu support -Monks meditate for many hours |
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Taira no Kiyomori
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-During the Medieval period of Japan Kiyomori was involved in several conflicts
-These conflicts left him in a position of great power -Continued his power by marrying his daughters into the imperial line and appointing his grandson to the throne |
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Zaibatsu
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-Huge financial and industrial combines
-When the government decided to sell all of its enterprises (factories) at a bargain price in 1880 due to a financial crisis, men who saw the financial possibilities of owning these enterprises invested -One of the most severe critics of the zaibatsu and the parties was Kita Ikki, who condemned the lives of people in the cities |
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Treaty of Kanghwa
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The Japan-Korea Treaty of Amity, also known as the Treaty of Ganghwa or Treaty of Kanghwa, was made between representatives of the Empire of Japan and the Empire of Korea in 1876
-Unequal treaty -Opened ports for trade |
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Genpei Wars
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-Also referred to as the Gempei wars
-Between Minamoto and Taira families -Results in the permanent defeat of the Taira -In battle, styles of combat placed a premium on personal valor |
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Imperial Rescript on education
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was signed by Emperor Meiji of Japan on 30 October 1890 to articulate government policy on the guiding principles of education on the Empire of Japan. The 315 character document was read aloud at all important school events, and students were required to study and memorize the text.
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Iwakura Mission
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was a Japanese diplomatic journey around the world, initiated in 1871 by the oligarchs of the Meiji period. Although it was not the only such "mission", it is the most well-known and possibly most important for the modernization of Japan after a long period of isolation from the West.
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Shoen
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-Estates
-Private landholdings outside government control -Tax exemptions, immunity of inspections given to those who controlled the estates After the decay of the ritsuryō system in Japan, a feudal system of manors developed. Landowners or nameholders commended shares of the revenue produced (called shiki) to more powerful leaders often at the court, in order to be exempted from taxes and to subvert the Chinese-style "equal fields" system, whereby land was redistributed after certain periods of time |
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Fukuzawa Yukichi
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was a Japanese author, writer, teacher, translator, entrepreneur and political theorist who founded Keio University. His ideas about government and social institutions made a lasting impression on a rapidly changing Japan during the Meiji Era. He is regarded as one of the founders of modern Japan.
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Commodore Perry
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-Commander in the US Navy
-Opened Japan to the West -In 1853 he led an armed mission to Japan -The treaties that followed ended the Tokugawa policy of seclusion and undermined the authority of the bakufu |
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Satsuma
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(Japan town) There was a reduction in the size of their domains which left them with a higher-than-average ratio of samurai in the land. In Satsuma, this led to the formation of a class of samurai who worked the land and maintained a tight control of the countryside, which experienced not a single peasant uprising throughout the Tokugawa Period. Had special family ties with the court of Kyoto, the most likely focus for any anti-bakufu movement.
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Saigo Takamori
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-One of main leaders involved with the meiji restoration
-Military leader of Satsuma forces who overthrew Tokugawa -A man of imposing physical strength and physique -More conservative than the others, he was devoted to satsuma and its samurai but still believed in strengthening to resist the west |
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Hiratsuka Raicho
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was a writer, journalist, political activist and pioneering Japanese feminist.
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Ito Hirobumi
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-After assasinations and deaths, Ito assumed leadership of the Meiji state
-He had already contributed to the meiji state -He took the lead of political modernization -Conservative who had supervised the writing of the constitution |
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Kotoku Shusui
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was a Japanese socialist and anarchist who played a leading role in introducing anarchism to Japan in the early 20th century, particularly by translating the works of contemporary European and Russian anarchists, such as Peter Kropotkin, into Japanese. He was a radical journalist and is often considered an anarchist martyr, as he was executed for treason by the Japanese government.
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Genro
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-Elder statesman and leaders of the Meiji restoration
-The Genro were consulted to decide selections of prime ministers and other major questions -Saw themselves as gaurdians of the public good in contrast to private interests represented by parties -Stressed unity |
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Kita Ikki
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-Condemned the lives and values of the people in the city and called for a return to the countryside
-Severe critics of the political parties -Author -DId not have faith in political organization, instead looked for salvation through a few dedicated men who had power |
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Anglo-Japanese alliance
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-Alliance between Britain and Japan
-Fueled by Russia's expansion -Each nation promised support if one of the nations began a conflict with more than one power -Treaty is renewed |
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March First Movement
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-Koreans display opposition to Japanese occupation
-Koreans angry because of Brutality by the Japanese |
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Yanagita Kunio
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-Japans foremost scholar of folklore
-Directed a massive survey in the 1930's that laid the foundation for a whole field of studies -He strove to further the production of folk craft |
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2 26 incident
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-1936 incident
-Several politicians killed by rebelling Imperial soldiers in Tokyo -Ring leaders of Coup executed -Military gains upper hand: threat of coup remains |
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Hirohito
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-Emperor during WWII
-Speaks during radio broadcast letting the people of Japan that they had lost the war -Was not prosecuted like others were for his part in the war -Became a symbol for Japan during the occupation period -On new years, he publicly denied his divinity |
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The Diet
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-Legislature, consisted of two houses
-House of peers, house of representatives -House of representatives originally elected by 1.1 percent of population -During occupation the diet was made the highest political authority |
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Peace preservation law of 1925
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-Made in order to still the fears of conservatives apprehensive over the possible spread of radical ideas
-Made it a crime to advocate change in the national political structure -Made it illegal to urge the abolition of private property |
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Natsume Soseki
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-Late Meiji writer
-Greatly influenced by the west, however he achieved greatness through drawing on Japanese heritage -Studied in England -Wrote poetry, fiction, and literary critisism |
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Tojo Hideki
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-General
-Helped transform Japan into a modern military power -Then he was a prime minister during WWII -In 1944 he was forced out of office, although there were no changes in the fortunes of war |
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Ienaga Saburo
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was a Japanese historian famous for controversies regarding school history textbooks. In 1953, the Japanese Ministry of Education published a textbook by Ienaga, but censored what they said were factual errors and matters of opinion, regarding Japanese war crimes. Ienaga undertook a series of law suits against the Ministry for violation of his freedom of speech.
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No
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-No Drama, classical
-Traditionally performed on a square stage open to audience on 3 sides -Few stage props -All male -Wear highly stylized masks, dance to music |
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Explain how the discrepancies between the ideals of the Tokugawa feudal system (SPAM) and the social and economic realities of the Tokugawa period contributed to the decline of the Tokugawa shogunate
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-Ideal: Samurai on top, then peasants, and so on
-Reality: Some merchants and peasants become more wealthy than samurai -Peasants: With money in circulation and Samurai all living in the city, some became much more wealthy than others. Poorer peasants who worked for wealthy ones were often out of luck. Peasant unrest was on the increase in Late Tokugawa. Some farms were left untilled because some peasants left to the city with the belief they could make money -Merchants: Backbone of widespread and diverse commercial networks. They handled the transport warehousing, and sale of rice and other commodities. They supplied banking services, and would issue loans to political authorities and samurai. With Samurai, bakufu, and daimyo dependent on them, merchants became economic equals of the daimyo -Samurai: Upset because merchants and others were making more money, when it seemed the height of injustice that society should reward the selfish moneymakers and condemn the warriors whose lives were ones of service. It was a mark of samurai pride to regard financial considerations with contempt. One samurai father took his children out of school because they were taught math, a subject only fit for merchants. Daimyo often reduced samurai stipends due to financial crisis. Many became enraged by the discrepency betweethe theoretical elevation of status and the reality of their poverty. |
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What were some of the key Western ideas that influenced Japanese intellectuals, activists, and politicians at the beginning of the Meiji period? Did these ideas have long-lasting influence? Why or why not?
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-Chinese system has a bureaucratic alternative to feudalism
-The charter oath: matters of state shall be decided by public discussion, classes high and low shall unite to promote the economy, people should be able to fulfill their aspirations, knowledge shall be sought throughout the world -The document itself was drafted by two men familiar with western thought -The restoration was revolutionary in that it destroyed the old system and created a centralized state -New system destroyed old class lines and opened all careers to all men -Christianity ban lifted -Enthusiasm for west turned some men towards new occupations |
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Beginning with its victory in the First Sino-Japanese war, Japan emerged as an imperial power and over the subsequent decades, steadily developed both a formal empire and imposed its influence on other regions. How did Japanese expansion affect regional politics? How did Japan itself change by becoming an imperial power? How were different social and economic groups affected?
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Japanese expansion affect regional politics:
-A booming economy allowed Japan to declare war on Germany and sieze colonies -Japan intervenes in Russia to control the Trans-Siberian railway and Vladivostok -Japan wanted to control Manchuria How did Japan change by becoming an imperial power: -Wars gave a boost to heavy industry -Shipbuilding -Technology continued to progress -Labor workers would often strike and protest, sometimes violently How were different social and economic groups affected: -Urbanization due to economic change -Harsh working conditions to those who worked in factories -Zaibatsu positively affected |
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During the Occupation, the US hoped to dramatically transform Japan "from above" and implemented a series of reforms to promote such changes. Which reforms were influential? Which were not? WHy did some of the reforms survive the Occupation while others did not? Remember the cold war context
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Which reforms were influential?
-Continuing to operate with Japans bureaucracy helped show the importance of their government system -Emperors authority continued, yet he publicly denied his divinity, and under the new constitution he became a symbol for the nation -New constitution gave more power to the diet, new provisions for suffrage and human rights -Abolishing old ethics courses and textbook on militarism and authoritarianism was successful -Language reform that simplified standard characters was successful -Program of land reform was successful because it put a maximum amount of land one could own Which reforms were not influential? -Restructured the education system to be like the US's. Many of the new universities were not as good as the old established ones -A positive sense of citizenship was unsuccessful -Decentralization of the economy was unsuccessful when the reverse course made American economic and strategic considerations prevail Why did some reforms survive the occupation while others did not? -Successful reforms were ones that had substantial support from the Japanese, for example much of the political program, the land reform, and the advocacy of liberal values, such as womens suffrage |
