Ist222 Ch 9, 10, And 11

Front 1

Hardware needed to make a stand-alone computer a networked computer

Back 1

NIC
Network Medium

Interconnecting Device

Front 2

NIC (Network Interface Card)

Back 2

An add-on card that's plugged into a motherboard expansion slot and provides a connection between the computer and the network. Typically built into the motherboard.

Front 3

Network Medium

Back 3

Cable that plugs into the NIC and makes the connection between a computer and the rest of the network.

Front 4

Interconnecting Device

Back 4

Allows computers to communicate on a network without being connected directly. Includes switches, hubs, routers, and wireless access points. Not always necessary.

Front 5

Network Client Software

Back 5

Requests information that's stored on another network computer or device. Example: Client for Microsoft Networks.

Front 6

Network Server Software

Back 6

Allows a computer to share its resources by responding to resource requests generated by network clients. Example: File and Printer Sharing for Microsoft Networks.

Front 7

Protocols

Back 7

Define the rules and formats a computer must use when sending information across the network. Example: TCP/IP.

Front 8

NIC Device Driver

Back 8

Manages the details of communicating with the NIC hardware to send data to network media and receive data from it.

Front 9

Steps of Network Communication

Back 9

1. An application tries to access a network resource by attempting to send a message to it.

2. Network client software detects the attempt to access the network, formats message generated by application, sends message to network protocol.

3. Protocol packages the message in a format suitable for the network and sends it to NIC driver.

4. NIC driver sends data to the NIC, which converts it into the necessary signals to be transmitted across the network medium.

Front 10

Layers of the Network Communication Process

Back 10

1. User Application

2. Network Software

3. Network Protocol

4. Network Interface

Front 11

Logical address

Back 11

IP address

Front 12

Physical address

Back 12

MAC address

Front 13

Name server

Back 13

Like an address book, used to get a computer's IP address when the name is known. Provided through TCP/IP's DNS.

Front 14

LAN (Local Area Network)

Back 14

A small network that is limited to a single collection of machines and connected by one or more interconnecting devices in a small geographic area.

Front 15

Internetwork

Back 15

A networked connection of LANs tied together by devices such as routers.

Front 16

Reasons to create an internetwork:

Back 16

1. Two or more groups of users and their computers should be logically separated on the network, but should be able to communicate.

2. The number of computers in a single LAN has grown to the point that network communication is no longer efficient.

3. The distance between the two groups of computers exceeds the capabilities of most LAN devices.

Front 17

WAN (Wide Area Network)

Back 17

Spans distances measured in miles and links separate LANs, use the services of third-party communication providers to carry network traffic.

Front 18

MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)

Back 18

Uses WAN technologies to interconnect LANs in a specific geographic region, such as county or city.

Front 19

Internet

Back 19

Worldwide public internetwork that uses standard protocols, such as TCP/IP, DNS, and HTTP, to transfer and view information. Is a public network.

Front 20

Intranet

Back 20

A private network in which the devices and servers are available only to users connected to the internal network.

Front 21

Extranet

Back 21

Somewhere between Internet and intranet, allows limited and controlled access to internal network resources by outside users.

Front 22

Size of data chunks computers use to transfer information across a network

Back 22

1500 bytes

Front 23

Packet

Back 23

Chunk of data with source and destination IP address added to it.

Front 24

Frame

Back 24

A packet with the source and destination MAC addresses added to it, as well as an error-checking code to the back end of the packet.

Front 25

Encapsulation

Back 25

The process of adding IP addresses and then MAC addresses to chunks of data.

Front 26

Client operating system

Back 26

The OS installed on a computer is designed mainly to access network resources, even though it might be capable of sharing its own resources.

Front 27

Client computer

Back 27

The computer's primary role in a network is to run user applications and access network resources.

Front 28

Client Software

Back 28

The software requests network resources from server software running on another computer.

Front 29

Server Operating System

Back 29

When the OS installed on a computer is designed mainly to share network resources and provide other network services.

Front 30

Server Computer

Back 30

A computer's primary role in the network is to give client computers access to network resources and services.

Front 31

Server Software

Back 31

Software that responds to requests for network resources from client software running on another computer.

Front 32

Software components in Windows

Back 32

Services

Front 33

Software components in Linux/UNIX

Back 33

Daemons

Front 34

Peer-to-Peer Network

Back 34

Most computers function as client or severs as circumstances dictate; every user must act as an administrator; decentralized

Front 35

Sever-based Network

Back 35

Certain computers take on specialized oles and function mainly as servers; centralized

Front 36

Domain

Back 36

A collection of users and computers whose accounts are managed by Windows servers.

Front 37

Domain Controllers

Back 37

Windows servers that manage users and computers in a domain.

Front 38

Directory Service

Back 38

Manages centralized access and security in a domain. Example: Active Directory.

Front 39

Hub (Multiport Repeater)

Back 39

Receives bit signals generated by NICs and other devices, strengthens them, and sends them to other devices connected to its ports.

Front 40

Switch

Back 40

Reads data in a message, determines which port the destination device is connected to, and forwards the message only to that port.

Front 41

Switching Table

Back 41

Table of MAC addresses that have been learned and their associated port numbers.

Front 42

AP (Access Point)

Back 42

Like a hub, but wireless.

Front 43

Router

Back 43

Enables multiple LANs to communicate by forwarding packets from one LAN to another.

Front 44

UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair)

Back 44

Most common network media type in LANs; consists of four pairs of copper wire, with each pair tightly twisted together and contained in a plastic sheath or jacket.

Front 45

Fiber Optic Cabling

Back 45

Uses extremely think strands of glass to carry impulses of light long distances and at high data rates; typically used in large internetworks.

Front 46

Coaxial Cable

Back 46

Best known for its use in cable TV; obsolete as a LAN medium, but used as network medium for Internet access via cable modem.

Front 47

TCP/IP

Back 47

Most common protocol suite; the Internet protocol suite; consists of more than a dozen protocols operating at different layers of the communication process.

Front 48

Layers of the TCP/IP protocol suite:

Back 48

Application

Transport

Internetwork

Network Acess

Front 49

Four main tasks of the Internetwork layer

Back 49

1. Defines and verifies IP addresses

2. Routes packets through an internetwork

3. Resolves MAC addresses from IP addresses

4. Delivers packets efficiently

Front 50

IPv4 (Internet Protocol version 4)

Back 50

Internetwork layer protocol that provides source and destination addressing and routing for the TCP/IP protocol suite; most common IP version in networks.

Front 51

IPv4 address

Back 51

32-bit dotted decimal address.

Front 52

Octet

Back 52

Each grouping of numbers separated by a period in an IPv4 address.

Front 53

Total number of IPv4 addresses possible

Back 53

2^32 = approx. 4 billion

Front 54

Subnet mask

Back 54

32-bit dotted decimal number consisting of a contiguous series of binary 1 digits followed by a contiguous series of binary 0 digits; describes which part of an IPv4 address is the network ID and which part is the host ID.

Front 55

Class A

Back 55

First octet range: 1-127; intended for use by large corporations and governments; 16,777,214 hosts per network address.

Front 56

Class B

Back 56

First octet range: 128-191; intended for use by medium-sized to large networks; 65,534 hosts per network address.

Front 57

Class C

Back 57

First octet range: 192-223; intended for small networks; 254 hosts per network address.

Front 58

Class D

Back 58

First octet range: 224-239; reserved for multicasting.

Front 59

Class E

Back 59

First octet range: 240-255; reserved for experimental use

Front 60

Loopback Address

Back 60

Always refers to the local computer; 127.0.0.0 network.

Front 61

IPv6 (Internet Protocol version 6)

Back 61

Developed to address IPv4's shortcomings

Front 62

Advantages of IPv6:

Back 62

- Larger address space

- Hierarchical address space

- Autoconfiguration

- Built-in Quality of Service (Qos) upport

- Built-in support for security

- Support for mobility

- Extensibility

Front 63

IPv6 Address

Back 63

128 bits; hexadecimal format in 16-bit sections separated by colons; host ID is 64 bits; 10^38 possible addresses (theoretically). `

Front 64

OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) Reference Model

Back 64

Explains how networks behave within an orderly, seven-layered model for networks communication.

Front 65

Layers of the OSI Model

Back 65

Application

Presentation

Session

Transport

Network

Data Link

Physical

Front 66

Application Layer

Back 66

Function: provides programs with access to network servicesn

Common protocols/Software.: HTTP, FTP, SMTP, DHCP

Devices: Computers

PDU: Data

Front 67

Presentation Layer

Back 67

Function: Handles data representation to application and data conversions, ensures that data can be read by the receiving system, and handles encryption an decryption

Common Protocols/Software: Redirectors

Devices: N/A

PDU: Data

Front 68

Session Layer

Back 68

Function: establishes, maintains, and coordinates communication between applications

Common Protocols/Software: DNS, authentication protocols

Devices: N/A

PDU: Data

Front 69

Transport Layer

Back 69

Function: ensures reliable delivery of data, breaks data into segments, handles sequencing and acknowledgements, and provides flow control

Common Protocols/Software: TCP, UDP

Devices: N/A

PDU: Segment

Front 70

Network Layer

Back 70

Function: Handles packet routing, logical addressing, and access control through packet inspection

Common Protocols/Software: IP, ICMP, ARP

Devices: Routers, firewalls, layer 3 switches

PDU: Packet

Front 71

Data Link Layer

Back 71

Function: Provides physical device addresses, device-to-device delivery of frames, media access control, and MAC addresses

Common Protocols/Software: Ethernet, token ring, FDDI, NIC drivers

Devices: Switches, NICs

PDU: Frame

Front 72

Physical Layer

Back 72

Function: manages hardware connections, handles sending and receiving binary signals, and handles encoding of bits

Common Protocols/Software: N/A

Devices: Network media, hubs/repeaters, connectors

PDU: bits

Front 73

Default gateway

Back 73

Necessary for computer to access other networks, including the Internet

Front 74

DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol)

Back 74

TCP/IP protocol used to automatically configure IP addresses.

Front 75

APIPA (Automatic private IP addresssing) Address

Back 75

Address given to computer when a computer is configured to use DHCP but no DHCP server responds to the request; always begins with 169.254 and has a subnet mask of 255.255.0.0; cannot be used outside the local network and cannot be routed.

Front 76

Static IP Address

Back 76

A manually configured IP address.

Front 77

Command used to configure and IPv4 address from the command line

Back 77

netsh

Front 78

Command used to configure a static IP address in Linux

Back 78

ifconfig

Front 79

Link-Local IPv6 address

Back 79

Address automatically assigned to a computer with IPv6 enabled; always begins with fe80 and is self-configuring.

Front 80

Unique Local IPv6 Address

Back 80

A regular, routable IPv6 address.

Front 81

Stateless autoconfiguration

Back 81

In IPv6, when the node listens for router advertisement messages from a local router and uses the advertised prefix and its 64-bit interface to generate the IPv6 address.

Front 82

Stateful autoconfiguration

Back 82

In IPv6, when the node uses an autoconfiguration protocol, like DHCPv6, to get its IPv6 address.

Front 83

MTU (Maximum Transmission Unit)

Back 83

Maximum frame size allowed to be transmitted across a network medium.

Front 84

SMB (Server Message Block)

Back 84

Native file sharing protocol for Windows; also used for printer sharing; supported by Linux and Mac OS X

Front 85

NFS (Network File System)

Back 85

Native file sharing protocol for Linux/UNIX; supported by Windows

Front 86

LPD/LPR (ilne printer daemon/line printer remote) and CUPS (Common UNIX Printing System)

Back 86

Native printer sharing protocols in Linux

Front 87

Ways to share files in Windows

Back 87

- File Sharing Wizard

- Advanced Sharing dialog box

- Shared Folders snap-in

Front 88

Sharing permissions in Windows

Back 88

- Read

- Change

- Full Control

Front 89

UNC Path

Back 89

Path used to access a shared folder; syntax is \\server-name\sharename; used in Windows, Linux, and Mac OS X but in Linux and Mac OS X \ is replaced with /

Front 90

Redirector

Back 90

Intercepts request for resource and determines if the resource is local (on the computer) or remote (on the network)

Front 91

Drive mapping

Back 91

Associates a drive letter with he UNC path to a shared folder; drives usually mapped with File Explorer or the net command

Front 92

Batch File

Back 92

Text file that contains a list of commands you ordinarily type at the command prompt; extensions are .bat or .cmd

Front 93

Samba

Back 93

Software package that allows Linux to support Windows file sharing; edit it in the /etc/samba/smb.conf file

Front 94

Linux command-line program used for accessing SMB shares

Back 94

smbclient

Front 95

Two main functions of user accounts:

Back 95

1. Provide a method for uses to authenticate themselves to a network

2. Provide detailed information about a user

Front 96

Two user accounts created when Windows is installed

Back 96

Administrator and Guest

Front 97

Domain Local Group

Back 97

Group type that can be used to assign permissions to resources only in the domain in which the group is created.

Front 98

Global Group

Back 98

Group type that can only contain users from the domain in which they're created; default option.

Front 99

Universal Group

Back 99

Group type used in multidomain networks in which users from any domain can be members and can be assigned permissions to resources in any domain.

Front 100

Default Groups

Back 100

Groups in Windows that have preassigned rights that apply to all group members

Front 101

Special Identity Groups

Back 101

Don't appear as objects in Active Directory but can be assigned permissions and rights

Front 102

Command to create a new user in Linux

Back 102

useradd

Front 103

Sudo command

Back 103

Executes the command with root privleges

Front 104

Root user

Back 104

Default user in Linux who has full control over all aspects of the system

Front 105

Command to create new group in Linux

Back 105

groupadd

Front 106

Account types in Mac OS X

Back 106

- Administrator

- Standard

- Managed with parental controls

- Sharing Only

- Group

Front 107

Essential system folders for Mac OS X

Back 107

32-bit and 64-bit: bin, dev, etc, Library, Network, sbin, System, var, and Volumes

Front 108

Essential system folders for Linux/Unix

Back 108

32-bit and 64-bit: bin, dev, etc, lib, mnt, proc, sbin, and var

Front 109

Essential system folders for Windows

Back 109

32-bit: Windows, with Boot, System, and System 32 subfolders

64-bit: Windows, with Boot, System, System32, and sysWOW64 subfolders

Front 110

Advantages to leaving operating system files in the folders created by the OS

Back 110

1. Easier for troubleshooting

2. Easier for OS to upgrade and uninstall software

Front 111

Windows Registry

Back 111

An extensive database of information about the OS, including customized settings and software installations; contains data about all hardware components and software; contains information about Windows services; contains desktop configuration data; contains information about user accounts, group policies, networking, and system boot data.

Front 112

Cookies

Back 112

Files that contain specialized information for accessing particular websites

Front 113

Disk Cleanup

Back 113

A convenient way to delete unneeded files in Windows; scheduled to run automatically in Windows 8 and later versions

Front 114

Recycle Bin

Back 114

In Windows, the place that contains deleted files; can grow to occupy 10% of hard disk storage by default

Front 115

Linux/UNIX command that lists files

Back 115

ls

Front 116

Command to delete files in Linux/UNIX

Back 116

rm

Front 117

Command to find a file in Linux/UNIX

Back 117

find

Front 118

Important parameters in Linux for ls command

Back 118

-a = list all files, including hidden files

-d = lists folders

Front 119

Important parameters in Linux for rm command

Back 119

-i = prompt that asks if you really want to delete what you're deleting

-r = delete an entire folder's contents

Front 120

Important parameters in Linux for find command

Back 120

-name = find files by filenmae

-user = find files by ownership

Front 121

Fragmentation

Back 121

Unused space develops between file and other information written on a disk; causes slow performance in read/write to hard disk and increases chances of hardware failure

Front 122

Defragmentation

Back 122

The process of removing the empty pockets between files and other information on a hard disk drive

Front 123

Optimize Drives

Back 123

Disk defragment tool in Windows 8 and newer versions

Front 124

How Linux/UNIX and Mac OS X systems reduce need for defragmenting a disk

Back 124

File systems first write to a hidden journal, which is loaded into memory; the contents are then written to a disk in a linear fashion.

Front 125

Utilities to help repair damaged files and file links

Back 125

Mac OS X: Disk First Aid in Disk Utility

Linux/UNIX: fsck and p_fsck

Windows: chkdsk

Front 126

Binary backups

Back 126

Backs up disk contents in a binary format to create and exact image of the disk contents

Front 127

Full file-by-file backup

Back 127

All of the disk contents are backed up as individual folders and files

Front 128

Differential Backup

Back 128

Type of partial backup; only backs up files that have been changed since the last full backup

Front 129

Incremental Backup

Back 129

Type of partial backup; only backs up files that have been changed since the last full or incremental backup

Front 130

Virtual Memory

Back 130

Disk storage used when there is not enough RAM for a particular operation or for all processes currently in use; generally set to 1.5 times the amount of RAM.

Front 131

Page/Swap File

Back 131

Area that holds information that is swapped back and forth from RAM to disk and vice versa.

Front 132

Performance Monitor

Back 132

Tool in Windows that monitors paging.

Front 133

Swap File System

Back 133

Page file in Linux; how paging is accomplished; can be created with the mkfs command

Front 134

Command in Linux/UNIX used to monitor paging

Back 134

vmstat

Front 135

How to install OS updates in Linux

Back 135

Activities --> Show Applications --> Software --> Updates

Front 136

How to install OS updates in Mac OS X

Back 136

Apple Icon --> App Store --> Update

Front 137

How to install OS updates in Windows

Back 137

Windows Update

Front 138

How to test network connection

Back 138

ping