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258 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Data Communication
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the electronic transfer of data from one location to another
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bandwidth
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the amount of data that can be transferred from one point to another in a certain time period, usually one second
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attenuation
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the loss of power in a signal as it travels from the sending device to the receiving device
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broadband data transmission
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multiple pieces of data are sent simultaneously to increase the transmission rate
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narrowband
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a voice-grade transmission channel capable of transmitting a maximum of 56,000 bps, so only a limited amount of information can be transferred
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protocols
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rules that govern data communication, including error detection, message length, and transmission speed
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modem
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a device that connects a user to the internet
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digital subscriber line
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(DSL) a common carrier service, high speed service that uses ordinary phone lines
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communication media
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(channels) connect sender and receiver devices. It can be conducted or radiated
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conducted media
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provide a physical path along which signals are transmitted and include twisted-pair cable, coaxial cable, and fiber optics.
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radiated media
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use an antenna for transmitting data through air or water
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centralized processing system
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all processing is done at one central computer
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decentralized processing
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each user, or department, or division has its own computer (sometimes called an organizational unit) for performing processing tasks
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distributed processing
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maintains centralized control and decentralizes operations. Processing power is distributed among several locations
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Open Systems Interconnection model
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(OSI model) a seven-layer architecture for defining how data is transmitted from computer to computer in a network, from the physical connection to the network to applications users run. It also standardizes interactions between network computers exchanging information
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network interface card
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(NIC) a hardware component that enables computers to communicate over a network
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local area network
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(LAN) connects workstations and peripheral devices that are in close proximity
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wide area network
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(WAN) can span several cities, states, or even countries, and it's usually owned by several different parties
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metropolitan area network
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(MAN) designed to handle data communication for multiple organizations in a city and sometimes nearby cities, too
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network topology
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represents a network's physical layout, including the arrangement of computers and cables
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star topology
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usually consists of a central computer (host computer, often a server) and a series of nodes (typically workstations or peripheral devices)
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ring topology
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no host computer is required because each computer manages its own connectivity
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bus topology
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(also called "linear bus") connects nodes along a network segment but the ends of the cable aren't connected, as in a ring topology
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hierarchical topology
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(tree topology) combines computers with different processing strengths in different organizational levels
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controller
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hardware and software device that controls data transfer from a computer to a peripheral device and vice versa
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multiplexer
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hardware device that allows several nodes to share one communication channel
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mesh topology
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("plex" or "interconnected") every node is connected to every other node
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Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol
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(TCP/IP) an industry-standard suite of communication protocols that enables interoperability
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packet
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a collection of binary digits, including message data and control characters for formatting and transmitting, sent from computer to computer over a network
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routing
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the process of deciding which path to take on a network. This is determined by the type of network and the software used to transmit data.
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routing table
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generated automatically by software, is used to determine the best possible route for the packet
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centralized routing
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one node is in charge of selecting the path for all packets. This node, considered the network routing manager, stores the routing table, and any changes to a route must be made at this node
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distributed routing
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relies on each node to calculate its own best possible route. Each node contains its own routing table with current information on the status of adjacent nodes so that the best possible route can be followed
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router
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a network connection device containing software that connects network systems and controls traffic flow between them
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static router
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requires the network routing manager to give it information about which addresses are on which network
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dynamic router
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can build tables that identify addresses on each network
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client/server model
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software runs on the local computer and communicates with the remote server to request information or services. A server is a remote computer on the network that provides information or services in response to client requests
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two-tier architecture
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known as the traditional client/server model, a client (tier one) communicates directly with the server (tier two)
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n-tier architecture
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attempts to balance the workload between client and server by removing application processing from both the client and server and placing it on a middle-tier server
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wireless network
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a network that uses wireless instead of wired technology
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mobile network
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(cellular network) a network operating on a radio frequency (RF), consisting of radio cells, each served by a fixed transmitter, known as a cell site or base station
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throughput
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similar to bandwidth. it's the amount of data transferred or processed in a specified time, usually one second
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Time Division Multiple Access
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(TDMA) To improve the efficiency and quality of digital communications, this divides each channel into six time slots. Each user is allocated two time slots: one for transmission and one for reception. This method increases efficiency by 300%, as it allows carrying three calls on one channel
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Code Division Multiple Access
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(CDMA) To improve the efficiency and quality of digital communications, this transmits multiple encoded messages over a wide frequency and then decodes them at the receiving end
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convergence
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in data communication this refers to integrating voice, video, and data so that multimedia information can be used for decision making
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internet
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a worldwide collection of millions of computers and networks of all sizes. It is a "network of networks"
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Advanced Research Projects Agency Network
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(ARPANET) the project started in 1969 by the US Department of Defense that was the beginning of the internet
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internet backbone
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a foundation network linked with fiber-optic cables that can support very high bandwidth. It is made up of many interconnected government, academic, commercial, and other high-capacity data routers
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hypermedia
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documents can include embedded references to audio, text, images, video, and other documents
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hypertext
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the embedded references in hypermedia documents. they consist of links users can click to follow a particular thread (topic)
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Domain Name System
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(DNS) When information is transferred from one network to another, domain names are converted to IP addresses by this protocol. Servers using this protocol (called DNS servers) maintain lists of computers' and Web sites' addresses and their associated IP address
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Uniform resource locators
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(URLs) also called "universal resource locators" identify a Web page. A URL is the address of a document or site on the internet
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Hypertext Markup Language
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(HTML) the language used to create web pages. it defines a page's layout and appearance by using tags and attributes. A tag delineates a section of the page, such as the header or body; and attribute specifies a value for a page component, such as a font color
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navigation tools
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used to travel from site-to-site or to "surf" the internet
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directories
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indexes of information based on keywords in documents and make it possible for search engines to find what you're looking for
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search engine
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such as Google.com is an information system that enables users to retrieve data from the web by searching for information using search terms
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discussion groups
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usually formed for people to exchange opinions and ideas on a specific topic, usually of a technical or scholarly nature. Group members can post messages or articles that others in the group can read
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Newsgroups
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typically more general and can be established for any topic; they allow people to get together for fun or for business purposes
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Internet Relay Chat (IRC)
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enables users in chat rooms to exchange text messages with people in other locations in real time
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instant messaging
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a service for communicating with others via the internet in a private "chat room"
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internet telephony
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using the internet rather than the telephone network to exchange spoken conversations
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Voice over Internet Protocol
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(VoIP) the protocol used for internet telephony
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intranet
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a network within an organization that uses internet protocols and technologies for collecting, storing, and disseminating useful information that supports business activities, such as sales, customer service, human resources, and marketing
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extranet
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a secure network that uses the internet and web technologies to connect intranets of business partners, so communication between organizations or between consumers is possible
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Web 2.0
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describes the trend of Web applications that are more interactive that traditional Web applications. Collaboration or e-collaboration is one of its key components
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blog
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a journal or newsletter that's updated frequently and intended for the general public. Blogs reflect their authors' personalities and often include philosophical reflections, opinions on the internet, and social or political commentary
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wiki
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a type of web site that allows users to add, delete, and sometimes modify content
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social networking
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a broad class of web sites and services that allow users to connect with friends, family, and colleagues online as well as meet people with similar interests or hobbies
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Really Simple Syndication feeds
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(RSS) fast, easy way to distribute web content in extensible markup language (XML) format. It is a subscription service you sign up for, and new content from web sites you've selected are delivered via a feed reader to one convenient spot
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podcast
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an electronic audio file, such as an MP3 file, thats posted on the web for users to download to their mobile devices, or even their computers
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Internet2
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(I2) a collaborative effort involving more than 200 US universities and corporations to develop advances internet technologies and applications for higher education and academic research
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gigapop
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a local connection point-of-presence. They connect a variety of high-performance networks, and their main function is the exchange of I2 traffic with a specified bandwidth
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E-business
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encompasses all activities a company performs for selling and buying products and services, using computers and communication technologies
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E-commerce
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buying and selling goods and services over the internet
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value chain
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a series of activities designed to meet business needs by adding value (or cost) in each phase of the e-commerce process
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Click-and-brick e-commerce
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mixes traditional commerce and e-commerce. It capitalizes on the advantages of online interaction with customers yet retains the benefits of having a physical store location
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merchant model
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transfers the old retail model to the e-commerce world by using the medium of internet
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brokerage model
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using this brings sellers and buyers together on the web and collects commissions on transactions between these parties
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advertising model
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an extension of traditional advertising media, such as radio and television. Directories such as yahoo provide content to users for free. By creating more traffic with this free content, they can charge companies for placing banner ads or leasing spots on their sites
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mixed model
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generates revenue from more than one source
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informediary model
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collect information on consumers and businesses and then sell this information to other companies for marketing purposes
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subscription model
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an e-commerce site sells digital products or services to customers
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business-to-consumer (B2C)
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companies sell directly to consumers
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business-to-business (B2B)
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e-commerce involves electronic transactions between businesses
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Consumer-to-consumer C2C
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e-commerce involves business transactions between users, such as consumers selling to other consumers via the internet
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consumer-to-business (C2B)
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e-commerce involves people selling their products or services to businesses, such as a service for creating online surveys for a company to use
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E-government
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applications can include government-to-citizen, government-to-business, government-to-government, and government-to-employee. Services include tax filing, online voter registration, disaster assistance, and e-training for its own employees
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Organizational or intra-business e-commerce
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involves e-commerce activities that take place inside an organization, typically via the organization's intranet. These activities can include the exchange of goods, services, or information among employees
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seller-side marketplace
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this model is the most popular B2B model. In this model, sellers who cater to specialized markets, such as chemicals, electronics, and auto components, come together to create a common marketplace for buyers- sort of a "one-stop shopping" model
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e-procurement
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enables employees in an organization to order and receive supplies and services directly from suppliers
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buyer-side marketplace
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in this model, a buyer, or a group of buyers, opens an electronic marketplace and invites sellers to bid on announced products or requests for quotation (RFQs). using this model, buyers can manage the procurement process more efficiently, lower administrative costs, and implement uniform pricing
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third-party exchange marketplace
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this model isn't controlled by sellers or buyers. Instead, it's controlled by a third party, and the marketplace generates revenue from the fees charges for matching buyers and sellers. These marketplaces are usually active in vertical or horizontal markets
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vertical market
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concentrates on a specific industry or market. utility companies, the beef and dairy industries, and medical products are a few examples of vertical markets
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horizontal market
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concentrates on a specific function or business process and automates this function or process for different industries
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trading partner agreements
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automate negotiating processes and enforce contracts between participating businesses
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mobile commerce (m-commerce)
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using handheld devices, such as smart phones or PDA's, to conduct business transactions
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voice-based e-commerce
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relies on voice recognition and text-to-speech technologies
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electronic payment
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refers to money or scrip which is exchanged only electronically. It usually involves use of the internet, other computer networks, and digitally stores value systems. It includes credit cards, debit cards, charge cards, and smart cards
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smart card
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about the size of a credit card and contains an embedded microprocessor chip storing important financial and personal information. the chip can be loaded with information and updated periodically
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e-cash
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a secure and convenient alternative to bills and coins, compliments credit, debit, and charge cards and adds convenience to everyday cash transactions
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e-check
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electronic version of a paper check, offers high security, speed, and convenience for online transactions
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e-wallets
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available for most handheld devices and offer a secure, convenient, and portable tool for online shopping. They store personal and financial information, such as credit card numbers, passwords, and PINs
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paypal
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a popular online payment system used in many online auction sites. Users with a valid e-mail address can set up an account and use it for secure payments of online transactions, using their credit cards or bank accounts
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micropayments
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used for very small payments on the web. They began as a method for advertisers to pay for cost per view or cost per click
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web marketing
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uses the web and its supporting technologies to promote goods and services
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search engine optimization (SEO)
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a method for improving the volume or quality of traffic to a website. A higher ranking in search results should generate more revenue for a website
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global information system (GIS)
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an information system that works across national borders, facilitates communication between headquarters and subsidiaries in other countries, and incorporates all the technologies and applications found in a typical information system to store, manipulate, and transmit data across cultural and geographic boundaries
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transborder data flow
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restricts what type of data can be captured and transmitted in foreign countries
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multinational corporation
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refers to a corporation that has asset operations in at least one country other than its home country. This corporation delivers products and services across its national borders and is usually managed centrally from its headquarters
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multinational structure
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production, sales, and marketing are decentralized, and financial management remains the parent's responsibility
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global structure
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manages highly centralized information systems. Subsidiaries have little autonomy and rely on headquarters for all process and control decisions as well as system design and implementation
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international structure
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an organization using this structure operates much like a multinational corporation, but subsidiaries depend on headquarters more for process and production decisions
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transnational structure
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the parent and all subsidiaries work together in designing policies, procedures, and logistics for delivering products to the right market
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offshore outsourcing
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an organization chooses an outsourcing firm in another country that can provide needed services and products
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the electronic transfer of data from one location to another
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Data Communication
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the amount of data that can be transferred from one point to another in a certain time period, usually one second
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bandwidth
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|
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the loss of power in a signal as it travels from the sending device to the receiving device
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attenuation
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|
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multiple pieces of data are sent simultaneously to increase the transmission rate
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broadband data transmission
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a voice-grade transmission channel capable of transmitting a maximum of 56,000 bps, so only a limited amount of information can be transferred
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narrowband
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|
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rules that govern data communication, including error detection, message length, and transmission speed
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protocols
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|
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a device that connects a user to the internet
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modem
|
|
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a common carrier service, high speed service that uses ordinary phone lines
|
digital subscriber line
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(DSL)
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digital subscriber line
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(channels) connect sender and receiver devices. It can be conducted or radiated
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communication media
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|
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provide a physical path along which signals are transmitted and include twisted-pair cable, coaxial cable, and fiber optics.
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conducted media
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|
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use an antenna for transmitting data through air or water
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radiated media
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all processing is done at one central computer
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centralized processing system
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each user, or department, or division has its own computer (sometimes called an organizational unit) for performing processing tasks
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decentralized processing
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maintains centralized control and decentralizes operations. Processing power is distributed among several locations
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distributed processing
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a seven-layer architecture for defining how data is transmitted from computer to computer in a network, from the physical connection to the network to applications users run. It also standardizes interactions between network computers exchanging information
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Open Systems Interconnection model
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(OSI) model
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Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model
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a hardware component that enables computers to communicate over a network
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(NIC) network interface card
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(NIC)
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network interface card
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connects workstations and peripheral devices that are in close proximity
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local area network
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(LAN)
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local area network
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can span several cities, states, or even countries, and it's usually owned by several different parties
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wide area network
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(WAN)
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wide area network
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designed to handle data communication for multiple organizations in a city and sometimes nearby cities, too
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metropolitan area network
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(MAN)
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metropolitan area network
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represents a network's physical layout, including the arrangement of computers and cables
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network topology
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usually consists of a central computer (host computer, often a server) and a series of nodes (typically workstations or peripheral devices)
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star topology
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no host computer is required because each computer manages its own connectivity
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ring topology
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connects nodes along a network segment but the ends of the cable aren't connected, as in a ring topology
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bus topology
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"linear bus"
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bus topology
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combines computers with different processing strengths in different organizational levels
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hierarchical topology
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"tree topology"
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hierarchical topology
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hardware and software device that controls data transfer from a computer to a peripheral device and vice versa
|
controller
|
|
|
hardware device that allows several nodes to share one communication channel
|
multiplexer
|
|
|
every node is connected to every other node
|
mesh topology
|
|
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"plex"
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mesh topology
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"interconnected"
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mesh topology
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an industry-standard suite of communication protocols that enables interoperability
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Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol
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|
|
(TCP/IP)
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Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol
|
|
|
a collection of binary digits, including message data and control characters for formatting and transmitting, sent from computer to computer over a network
|
packet
|
|
|
the process of deciding which path to take on a network. This is determined by the type of network and the software used to transmit data.
|
routing
|
|
|
generated automatically by software, is used to determine the best possible route for the packet
|
routing table
|
|
|
one node is in charge of selecting the path for all packets. This node, considered the network routing manager, stores the routing table, and any changes to a route must be made at this node
|
centralized routing
|
|
|
relies on each node to calculate its own best possible route. Each node contains its own routing table with current information on the status of adjacent nodes so that the best possible route can be followed
|
distributed routing
|
|
|
a network connection device containing software that connects network systems and controls traffic flow between them
|
router
|
|
|
requires the network routing manager to give it information about which addresses are on which network
|
static router
|
|
|
can build tables that identify addresses on each network
|
dynamic router
|
|
|
software runs on the local computer and communicates with the remote server to request information or services. A server is a remote computer on the network that provides information or services in response to client requests
|
client/server model
|
|
|
known as the traditional client/server model, a client (tier one) communicates directly with the server (tier two)
|
two-tier architecture
|
|
|
attempts to balance the workload between client and server by removing application processing from both the client and server and placing it on a middle-tier server
|
n-tier architecture
|
|
|
a network that uses wireless instead of wired technology
|
wireless network
|
|
|
a network operating on a radio frequency (RF), consisting of radio cells, each served by a fixed transmitter, known as a cell site or base station
|
mobile network
|
|
|
(cellular network)
|
mobile network
|
|
|
similar to bandwidth. it's the amount of data transferred or processed in a specified time, usually one second
|
throughput
|
|
|
To improve the efficiency and quality of digital communications, this divides each channel into six time slots. Each user is allocated two time slots: one for transmission and one for reception. This method increases efficiency by 300%, as it allows carrying three calls on one channel
|
Time Division Multiple Access
|
|
|
(TDMA)
|
Time Division Multiple Access
|
|
|
To improve the efficiency and quality of digital communications, this transmits multiple encoded messages over a wide frequency and then decodes them at the receiving end
|
Code Division Multiple Access
|
|
|
(CDMA)
|
Code Division Multiple Access
|
|
|
in data communication this refers to integrating voice, video, and data so that multimedia information can be used for decision making
|
convergence
|
|
|
a worldwide collection of millions of computers and networks of all sizes. It is a "network of networks"
|
internet
|
|
|
the project started in 1969 by the US Department of Defense that was the beginning of the internet
|
Advanced Research Projects Agency Network
|
|
|
(ARPANET)
|
Advanced Research Projects Agency Network
|
|
|
a foundation network linked with fiber-optic cables that can support very high bandwidth. It is made up of many interconnected government, academic, commercial, and other high-capacity data routers
|
internet backbone
|
|
|
documents can include embedded references to audio, text, images, video, and other documents
|
hypermedia
|
|
|
the embedded references in hypermedia documents. they consist of links users can click to follow a particular thread (topic)
|
hypertext
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When information is transferred from one network to another, domain names are converted to IP addresses by this protocol. Servers using this protocol (called DNS servers) maintain lists of computers' and Web sites' addresses and their associated IP address
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Domain Name System
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(DNS)
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Domain Name System
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the address of a document or site on the internet
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Uniform resource locators
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(URLs)
|
Uniform resource locators
|
|
|
"universal resource locators"
|
Uniform resource locators
|
|
|
the language used to create web pages. it defines a page's layout and appearance by using tags and attributes. A tag delineates a section of the page, such as the header or body; and attribute specifies a value for a page component, such as a font color
|
Hypertext Markup Language
|
|
|
(HTML)
|
Hypertext Markup Language
|
|
|
used to travel from site-to-site or to "surf" the internet
|
navigation tools
|
|
|
indexes of information based on keywords in documents and make it possible for search engines to find what you're looking for
|
directories
|
|
|
an information system that enables users to retrieve data from the web by searching for information using search terms
|
search engine
|
|
|
usually formed for people to exchange opinions and ideas on a specific topic, usually of a technical or scholarly nature. Group members can post messages or articles that others in the group can read
|
discussion groups
|
|
|
typically more general and can be established for any topic; they allow people to get together for fun or for business purposes
|
Newsgroups
|
|
|
enables users in chat rooms to exchange text messages with people in other locations in real time
|
Internet Relay Chat
|
|
|
(IRC)
|
Internet Relay Chat
|
|
|
a service for communicating with others via the internet in a private "chat room"
|
instant messaging
|
|
|
using the internet rather than the telephone network to exchange spoken conversations
|
internet telephony
|
|
|
the protocol used for internet telephony
|
Voice over Internet Protocol
|
|
|
(VoIP)
|
Voice over Internet Protocol
|
|
|
a network within an organization that uses internet protocols and technologies for collecting, storing, and disseminating useful information that supports business activities, such as sales, customer service, human resources, and marketing
|
intranet
|
|
|
a secure network that uses the internet and web technologies to connect intranets of business partners, so communication between organizations or between consumers is possible
|
extranet
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describes the trend of Web applications that are more interactive that traditional Web applications. Collaboration or e-collaboration is one of its key components
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Web 2.0
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a journal or newsletter that's updated frequently and intended for the general public. They reflect their authors' personalities and often include philosophical reflections, opinions on the internet, and social or political commentary
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blog
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a type of web site that allows users to add, delete, and sometimes modify content
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wiki
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a broad class of web sites and services that allow users to connect with friends, family, and colleagues online as well as meet people with similar interests or hobbies
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social networking
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fast, easy way to distribute web content in extensible markup language (XML) format. It is a subscription service you sign up for, and new content from web sites you've selected are delivered via a feed reader to one convenient spot
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Really Simple Syndication (RSS) feeds
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(RSS) feeds
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Really Simple Syndication feeds
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an electronic audio file, such as an MP3 file, thats posted on the web for users to download to their mobile devices, or even their computers
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podcast
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a collaborative effort involving more than 200 US universities and corporations to develop advances internet technologies and applications for higher education and academic research
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Internet2
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(I2)
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Internet2
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a local connection point-of-presence. They connect a variety of high-performance networks, and their main function is the exchange of I2 traffic with a specified bandwidth
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gigapop
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encompasses all activities a company performs for selling and buying products and services, using computers and communication technologies
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E-business
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buying and selling goods and services over the internet
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E-commerce
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a series of activities designed to meet business needs by adding value (or cost) in each phase of the e-commerce process
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value chain
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mixes traditional commerce and e-commerce. It capitalizes on the advantages of online interaction with customers yet retains the benefits of having a physical store location
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Click-and-brick e-commerce
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transfers the old retail model to the e-commerce world by using the medium of internet
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merchant model
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using this brings sellers and buyers together on the web and collects commissions on transactions between these parties
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brokerage model
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an extension of traditional advertising media, such as radio and television. Directories such as yahoo provide content to users for free. By creating more traffic with this free content, they can charge companies for placing banner ads or leasing spots on their sites
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advertising model
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generates revenue from more than one source
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mixed model
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collect information on consumers and businesses and then sell this information to other companies for marketing purposes
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informediary model
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an e-commerce site sells digital products or services to customers
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subscription model
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companies sell directly to consumers
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business-to-consumer
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(B2C)
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business-to-consumer
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e-commerce involves electronic transactions between businesses
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business-to-business
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(B2B)
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business-to-business
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e-commerce involves business transactions between users, such as consumers selling to other consumers via the internet
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Consumer-to-consumer
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(C2C)
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Consumer-to-consumer
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e-commerce involves people selling their products or services to businesses, such as a service for creating online surveys for a company to use
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consumer-to-business
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(C2B)
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consumer-to-business
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applications can include government-to-citizen, government-to-business, government-to-government, and government-to-employee. Services include tax filing, online voter registration, disaster assistance, and e-training for its own employees
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E-government
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involves e-commerce activities that take place inside an organization, typically via the organization's intranet. These activities can include the exchange of goods, services, or information among employees
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Organizational or intra-business e-commerce
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this model is the most popular B2B model. In this model, sellers who cater to specialized markets, such as chemicals, electronics, and auto components, come together to create a common marketplace for buyers- sort of a "one-stop shopping" model
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seller-side marketplace
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enables employees in an organization to order and receive supplies and services directly from suppliers
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e-procurement
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n this model, a buyer, or a group of buyers, opens an electronic marketplace and invites sellers to bid on announced products or requests for quotation (RFQs). using this model, buyers can manage the procurement process more efficiently, lower administrative costs, and implement uniform pricing
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buyer-side marketplace
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this model isn't controlled by sellers or buyers. Instead, it's controlled by a third party, and the marketplace generates revenue from the fees charges for matching buyers and sellers. These marketplaces are usually active in vertical or horizontal markets
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third-party exchange marketplace
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concentrates on a specific industry or market. utility companies, the beef and dairy industries, and medical products are a few examples of vertical markets
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vertical market
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concentrates on a specific function or business process and automates this function or process for different industries
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horizontal market
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automate negotiating processes and enforce contracts between participating businesses
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trading partner agreements
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using handheld devices, such as smart phones or PDA's, to conduct business transactions
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mobile commerce
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(m-commerce)
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mobile commerce
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relies on voice recognition and text-to-speech technologies
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voice-based e-commerce
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refers to money or scrip which is exchanged only electronically. It usually involves use of the internet, other computer networks, and digitally stores value systems. It includes credit cards, debit cards, charge cards, and smart cards
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electronic payment
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about the size of a credit card and contains an embedded microprocessor chip storing important financial and personal information. the chip can be loaded with information and updated periodically
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smart card
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a secure and convenient alternative to bills and coins, compliments credit, debit, and charge cards and adds convenience to everyday cash transactions
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e-cash
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electronic version of a paper check, offers high security, speed, and convenience for online transactions
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e-check
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available for most handheld devices and offer a secure, convenient, and portable tool for online shopping. They store personal and financial information, such as credit card numbers, passwords, and PINs
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e-wallets
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a popular online payment system used in many online auction sites. Users with a valid e-mail address can set up an account and use it for secure payments of online transactions, using their credit cards or bank accounts
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paypal
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used for very small payments on the web. They began as a method for advertisers to pay for cost per view or cost per click
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micropayments
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uses the web and its supporting technologies to promote goods and services
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web marketing
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a method for improving the volume or quality of traffic to a website. A higher ranking in search results should generate more revenue for a website
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search engine optimization
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(SEO)
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search engine optimization
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an information system that works across national borders, facilitates communication between headquarters and subsidiaries in other countries, and incorporates all the technologies and applications found in a typical information system to store, manipulate, and transmit data across cultural and geographic boundaries
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global information system
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(GIS)
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global information system
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restricts what type of data can be captured and transmitted in foreign countries
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transborder data flow
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refers to a corporation that has asset operations in at least one country other than its home country. This corporation delivers products and services across its national borders and is usually managed centrally from its headquarters
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multinational corporation
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production, sales, and marketing are decentralized, and financial management remains the parent's responsibility
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multinational structure
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manages highly centralized information systems. Subsidiaries have little autonomy and rely on headquarters for all process and control decisions as well as system design and implementation
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global structure
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an organization using this structure operates much like a multinational corporation, but subsidiaries depend on headquarters more for process and production decisions
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international structure
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the parent and all subsidiaries work together in designing policies, procedures, and logistics for delivering products to the right market
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transnational structure
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an organization chooses an outsourcing firm in another country that can provide needed services and products
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offshore outsourcing
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