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148 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Information age
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-a time when knowledge is power
-businesses are using information and information technology to gain and sustain a competitive advantage |
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What is MIS?
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-planning for, developing, managing, and using IT tools to help people perform their work effectively and efficiently
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What is Information technology(IT)?
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*any computer-based tool that people use to work more efficiently and effectively with information
Examples: -Traditional computer (notebook, PC, etc) -Internet -Database |
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Three key organizational resources in MIS
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-Information
-People -Technology |
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What is the difference between Data and Information?
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*Data – raw facts that describe a particular phenomenon
-numbers, letters, etc. *Information – data that has meaning & that affects decision-making -Weather – when deciding what to wear |
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What is Business intelligence?
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Business intelligence – knowledge about competitors, suppliers, your own internal operations, etc
Combined forms of information to create real knowledge Encompasses everything that affects your business Helps you make strategic business decisions |
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What are the 2 forms of information perspectives?
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-Personal dimensions of information
-Organizational dimensions of information |
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Personal Dimensions of Information
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*Time
-When you need information -Describing the right time period *Location – no matter where you are -Intranet – internal organizational intranet *Form -Usable, understandable, accurate |
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Organizational Dimensions of Information
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-Information flows
-Information granularity -What information describes |
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Information Flows within an Organization
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Upward – current state of organization based on transactions
Downward – Strategies, goals, directives Horizontal – between functional units, work teams Outward/inward – to/from suppliers, customers, distributors, etc |
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Information Granularity
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Information granularity – extent of detail within information
Lower org levels – information that contains a great amount of detail (fine) Upper org levels – highly summarized information (coarse) |
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What Information Describes
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Internal – operational aspects of organization
External – environment surrounding organization Objective – something that is known Subjective – something that is unknown |
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Technology-literate knowledge worker
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knows how and when to apply technology
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Information-literate knowledge worker
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-Defines what information is needed
-Knows how and where to obtain information -Understands information -Acts appropriately based on information |
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Information technology (IT)
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computer-based tools that people use to work with information
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Two basic categories of technology
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-Hardware
-Software |
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Key Technology Categories
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Hardware
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*Hardware – physical devices of a computer
Examples: -Input devices -Output devices -Storage devices -CPU & RAM -Telecommunications devices -Connecting devices |
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Input device
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*enter information and commands
Examples: -Mouse -Bar Code Scanner |
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Output device
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*hear, see, or otherwise recognize the results of information-processing requests
Examples: -Monitor -Printer |
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Storage device
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*store information for use at a later time
Examples: -DVD -Flash Memory |
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CPU
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*interprets and executes software instructions
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RAM
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*temporarily holds information and software
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Telecommunications device
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*sends and receives information in a network
Examples: -Modem -Satellite |
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Connecting device
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*connects pieces of hardware
Examples: -Cable -Port |
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Application software
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*solves specific problems, performs specific tasks
Examples: -Word -Inventory -Payroll |
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System software
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*handles technology management tasks and coordinates all hardware
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Two types of system software
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-Operating system software
-Utility software |
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Operating system software
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*controls application software, manages hardware devices
Examples: -Windows -Mac -Linux |
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Utility software
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*additional functionality to your operating system
Examples: -Anti-Virus -Disk Optimization Software |
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Ubiquitous computing
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(ANYWHERE, ANYTIME)
*concept; technology support anytime, anywhere, with access to any needed information Examples: -Decentralized computing -Shared information -Mobile computing |
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Decentralized computing
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Type of Ubiquitous computing
*Distributes computing power within the organization to knowledge workers |
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Shared information
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Type of Ubiquitous computing
*Stores information in one or more central locations; allows anyone access to needed information |
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Mobile computing
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Type of Ubiquitous computing
*wireless technology to connect to needed resources and information Example: M-commerce - electronic commerce conducted wirelessly |
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Competitive advantage
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*providing a product/service in a way that customers value more than what the competition is able to do
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Top line
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*business activities that increase revenue
-IT can support |
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Bottom line
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*business activities that decrease costs
-IT can support |
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Database
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*stores tremendous detail on every transaction/event
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DBMS
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*software bridge between information/software system and information/you
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Online transaction processing (OLTP)
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*gathering, processing, and updating information for a transaction
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Online analytical processing (OLAP)
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*manipulating information to support decision making
Examples: -Executive information system -Collaboration system -Artificial intelligence |
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Executive information system (EIS)
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*supports “drilling down” in information to find problems/opportunities
-Online analytical processing (OLAP) |
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Collaboration system
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*improves team performance by supporting sharing and flow of information
-Online analytical processing (OLAP) |
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Artificial intelligence (AI)
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*science of imitating human thinking and behavior
-Online analytical processing (OLAP) |
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Business Initiative Support
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*IT use in business is all about enabling initiatives
Examples: -Supply chain management system -Customer relationship management system |
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Run, Grow, Transform
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*Framework for percentage allocation of IT dollars toward…
Run – optimizing activity execution (bottom line) Grow – increasing market reach, product offerings, etc (top line) Transform – innovating business processes |
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Software
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*set of instructions that hardware executes to carry out a specific task for you
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Minicomputer (mid-range computer)
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*meets needs of several people simultaneously in a small or medium-sized business
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Mainframe computer
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*meets needs of hundreds of people in a large business
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Supercomputer
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*fastest, most powerful, and most expensive type of computer
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Binary digit (bit)
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*smallest unit of information your computer can process (1 or 0)
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Byte
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*A group of eight bits that represents one natural character
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ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange)
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*coding system that personal computers use to represent one natural character
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Five Forces Model
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*helps determine the relative attractiveness of an industry and includes
-Buyer power -Supplier power -Threat of substitute products and services -Threat of new entrants -Rivalry among existing competitors |
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Buyer power
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*high when buyers have many choices; low when there are very few choices
-As a provider of products and services you want low buyer power -IT can help you (as a provider) reduce buyer power Examples (all enabled by IT): -Loyalty program – rewards customers for repeated business Airline industry Hotels Grocery stores |
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Supplier power
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*high when buyers have few choices; low when buyers have many choices
-As a business, you want High buyer power when making purchases. High supplier power when selling products and services |
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Threat of substitute products or services
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*high when there are many alternatives; low when there are few
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Switching cost
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*costs that make customers reluctant to switch
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Threat of new entrants
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*high when it is easy for new competitors to start; low when it is not
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Entry barrier
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*feature that customers want and new competition must provide to enter market
-ATMs, online banking, etc |
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Rivalry among existing competitors
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*high in a fiercely competitive market; low in a more complacent market
-Example: retail grocery Industry --Highly competitive --Use IT to compete on price |
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What does the Five Forces Model do?
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-Helps determine the attractiveness of an industry
-Should enter or expand operations in an industry? -How can IT help? --Increase/reduce buyer/supplier power? --Create/eliminate an entry barrier? |
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Value chain
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*organization as a chain – or series – of processes, each of which either add to or reduce value to products or services
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Business process
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*set of activities that accomplishes a specific task
-For example, “Open New Account” Business Process Credit Check -> Open Account -> Deposit Funds |
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Value Chain Processes (Support and Primary)
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Primary value processes (along bottom) – creates, delivers, markets, and sells products and services
Support value processes (along top) – support primary value processes |
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Value Chain Image
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Major business initiatives that need IT
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-Customer relationship management (CRM)
-Supply chain management (SCM) -Business intelligence (BI) -Integrated Collaboration Environments |
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Supply Chain
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*a process from supplier to manufacture to wholesaler to retailer to consumer.
-Information and materials flow from supplier of raw materials to consumer |
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Supply chain management (SCM)
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*tracks inventory and information among processes and across companies
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SCM system
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*IT system that support supply chain management activities
-by automating the tracking of inventory and information |
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JIT
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*provides product/service just when needed
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Inter-modal transportation
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*uses multiple channels (trucks, boats, etc) of transportation
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Strategic & Competitive Opportunities with SCM
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Fulfillment – right quantity of parts at right time
Logistics – transportation costs low Production – production lines run smoothly Revenue and profit – no sales are lost because of stock-outs Spend – minimizing costs of purchases of material |
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Customer Relationship Management (CRM)
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*Manages interaction with current and prospective customers
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CRM system
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*use information about customers to gain insight in order to serve them better
Includes following functions -Sales force automation -Customer service and support -Marketing campaign management and analysis |
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Front office systems
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*primary interface to customers and sales channels
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Back office systems
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*fulfill and support customer orders
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Business intelligence
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*knowledge about competitors, suppliers, your own internal operations, etc
-Combined forms of information to create real knowledge -Encompasses everything that affects your business -Helps you make strategic business decisions |
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BI system
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*support business intelligence function
-Capabilities in the firm -State of the art, trends, and future directions -External environment affecting competition -Actions of competitors |
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Data warehouses
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*collections of information (BI) from multiple operational databases
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Data marts
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*focused portion of a data warehouse
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Strategic and Competitive Opportunities with BI
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-Corporate performance management
-Optimizing customer relations -Management reporting of BI -Knowledge right time, location, and form |
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Digital dashboard
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*displays key information tailored to an individual
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E-collaboration
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*the use of technology tools to support:
-Work activities -Knowledge management -Social networking -Learning |
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Integrated collaboration environment (ICE)
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*environment in which virtual teams do their work
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Virtual team
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*a team whose members are located in varied geographical locations
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Collaboration systems
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*systems that are designed to improve team collaboration
-by supporting sharing and flow of information |
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Workflow system
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facilitates automation of business processes (value chain implementation)
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Workflow
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*steps, from beginning to end, required for a business process
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Knowledge management (KM) system
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*supports capturing, organization, and dissemination of knowledge (know-how)
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Social network system
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*links you to people you know, and from there, people they know
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E-learning tools
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IT systems that facilitate learning (e.g., Blackboard)
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Strategic & Competitive Opportunities with E-Collaboration
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-Joint ventures on large projects within an industry
-Sharing knowledge -Making the most of contacts |
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Enterprise resource planning (ERP) system
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*software for business management, supporting
-Planning and manufacturing -Sales and marketing -Distribution and accounting -Finance, HR, and project management |
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Enterprise Software Image
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Operational database
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*database that supports OLTP ( T )
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Database
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*logical collection of information you organize and access according to the logical structure of the information
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Relational database
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*uses a series of two-dimensional tables or files to store information in the form of a database
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Data dictionary
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*contains the logical structure of the information in a database
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Primary key
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*field (or group of fields in some cases) that uniquely describe each record
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Foreign key
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*primary key of one file that appears in another file
-Foreign keys help create relationships among tables |
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Integrity constraint
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*rule that helps ensure the quality of information
Examples: -Primary keys must be unique -Foreign keys cannot be blank -Sales price cannot be negative -Phone numbers must have an area code |
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Database management system (DBMS)
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*helps you specify the logical organization for a database and access and use the information within a database
-Word processing software = document -Spreadsheet software = workbook -DBMS software = database |
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DBMS Tools
Database Image |
*5 software components
-DBMS engine -Data definition subsystem -Data manipulation subsystem -Application generation subsystem -Data administration subsystem |
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DBMS engine
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*accepts logical requests, converts them into their physical equivalent, and accesses the database and data dictionary
-DBMS engine separates the logical from the physical view of information |
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Physical view
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*how information is arranged, stored, and accessed on a storage device (e.g., hard disk)
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Logical view
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*how you (knowledge worker) need to arrange and access information
Databases – you work only with logical views |
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Data definition subsystem
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*helps you create and maintain the data dictionary and define the structure of the tables in a database
-When creating a database, you must first use the data definition subsystem to create data dictionary for a database before entering any information -Logical structure of information includes: column name, data type, data entry requirement, etc. |
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Data manipulation subsystem
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*helps you add, change, and delete information
Primary interface between you and a database -Views -Report generators -QBE tools -SQL |
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Query-by-example (QBE) tool
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*helps you graphically design the answer to a question
“What driver most often delivers concrete to Triple A Homes?” |
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Structured query language (SQL)
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*standardized fourth-generation language found in most DBMSs
-Performs same task as QBE -Uses sentence structure instead -Mostly used by IT people |
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Application generation subsystem
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*contains facilities to help you develop transaction-intensive applications
--Data entry screens (called forms in Access) --Programming languages -Mostly used by IT people |
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Data administration subsystem
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*helps you manage the overall database environment
-Backup and recovery -Security management -Query optimization -Concurrency control -Change management |
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Data Warehouses & Data Mining Differences
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-Data warehouses support OLAP and decision making
-Data warehouses do not support OLTP -Data-mining tools are tools for working with data warehouse information --DBMS software = database --Data-mining tools = data warehouse |
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Data warehouse
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logical collection of information – gathered from operational databases – used to create business intelligence that supports business analysis activities and decision-making tasks
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Describe a Data Warehouse
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-Multidimensional
-Rows and columns -Also layers -Many times called hypercubes |
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Data-mining tools
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*software tools that you use to query information in a data warehouse; support the concept of OLAP
-Query-and-reporting tools -Intelligent agents -Multidimensional analysis tools -Statistical tools |
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Query-and-reporting tools
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*similar to QBE tools, SQL, and report generators in the typical database environment
-Generate simple queries and reports |
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Multidimensional analysis (MDA) tools
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*slice-and-dice techniques that allow you to view multidimensional information from different perspectives
-Bring new layers to the front -Reorganize rows and columns |
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Data mart
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*subset of a data warehouse in which only a focused portion of the data warehouse information is kept
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Extraction, transformation, and loading (ETL)
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*a process in which you specify
-what information you want from each database -how the information is to be associated -what rules to follow in consolidating the information *ETL ensures information cleanliness in a data warehouse |
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Computer-aided decision support system
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*a system that help you to analyze information to find out business intelligence and make good decisions
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The Two Categories of Computer-Aided Decision Support System
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Phases of decision making
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1. Intelligence – find or recognize a problem, need, or opportunity (e.g., a threat of new competition, declining sales)
2. Design – Develop possible ways of solving the problem 3. Choice – weigh the merits of each solution 4. Implementation – carry out the solution |
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Satisficing
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*the process of making a choice that meet your needs and is satisfactory, without necessarily being the possible choice available
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Structured decision
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*processing a certain information in a specified way so that you will always get the right answer
Important: -Rules or criteria -No feeling or intuition |
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Nonstructured decision
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*one for which there may be several “right” answers, without a sure way to get the right answer
Important: -No rules or criteria -Feeling or intuition |
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What Job Do I Take?
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*Most decisions fall between structured and nonstructured
*Example: Choosing the Right Job -Structured: salary -Nonstructured: perception of best advancement opportunity |
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Recurring decision
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*one that happens repeatedly
Example: Calculating pay for hourly employees |
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Nonrecurring (ad hoc) decision
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*one you make infrequently
Example: A company merger |
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Decision support system (DSS)
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*a highly flexible and interactive system that is designed to support decision making when the problem is not structured
-Decision support systems help you analyze, but you must know how to solve the problem, and how to use the results of the analysis |
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Model management component
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*consists of both the DSS models and the model management system
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Data management component
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*stores and maintains the information that you want your DSS to use
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User interface management component
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*allows you to communicate with the DSS
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Geographic information system (GIS)
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*DSS designed specifically to analyze spatial information
-Spatial information is any information in map form -Businesses use GIS software to analyze information, generate business intelligence, and make decisions |
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Artificial intelligence (AI)
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*the science of making machines imitate human thinking and behavior
Example: Robot – a mechanical device equipped with simulated human senses and the ability to take action on its own |
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Expert (knowledge-based) system
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*an artificial intelligence system that applies reasoning capabilities to reach a conclusion
-Used for --Diagnostic problems (what’s wrong?) --Prescriptive problems (what to do?) -Built for a specific application area or domain --Accounting, medicine, process control, human resource management, financial management, production, etc. |
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What Expert Systems Can and Can’t Do
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*An expert system can
-Reduce errors -Improve customer service -Reduce cost *An expert system can’t -Use common sense -Automate the whole reasoning processes |
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Neural network (artificial neural network or ANN)
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-an artificial intelligence system that is capable of finding and differentiating patterns
-Learn and adjust to new circumstances on their own -Take part in massive parallel processing -Function without complete information -Cope with huge volumes of information -Analyze nonlinear relationships |
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Fuzzy logic
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*a mathematical method of handling imprecise or subjective information
-Used to make ambiguous information such as “short” usable in computer systems -Applications --Google’s search engine --Washing machines --Antilock breaks |
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Genetic algorithm
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*an artificial intelligence system that mimics the evolutionary, survival-of-the-fittest process to generate increasingly better solutions to a problem
-Take thousands or even millions of possible solutions and combine and recombine them until it finds the optimal solution -Work in environments where no model of how to find the right solution exists |
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Evolutionary Principles of Genetic Algorithms
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Selection – or survival of the fittest or giving preference to better outcomes
Crossover – combining portions of good outcomes to create even better outcomes Mutation – randomly trying combinations and evaluating the success of each |
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Intelligent agent
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*software that assists you, or acts on your behalf, in performing repetitive computer-related tasks
Types -Information agents -Monitoring-and-surveillance or predictive agents -Data-mining agents -User or personal agents |
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Information Agents
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*intelligent agents that search for information of some kind and bring it back
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Buyer agent or shopping bot
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an intelligent agent on a Web site that helps you, the customer, find products and services you want
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Monitoring-and-surveillance (predictive) agents
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*intelligent agents that constantly observe and report on some entity of interest, a network, or manufacturing equipment, for example
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Data-mining agent
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*operates in a data warehouse discovering information
-Most common type: Classification --Finds patterns in information and categorizes items into those classes --Neural networks do this best, so neural networks are part of many data mining tools -Detects… --A major shift in a trend or a key indicator --The presence of new information and alert you ---Example: Volkswagen |
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User or personal agent
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*intelligent agent that takes action on your behalf
Examples: -Prioritize e-mail -Act as gaming partner -Assemble customized news reports -Fill out forms for you -“Discuss” topics with you |
