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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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the affect on Geo on the lifestyle of the early Arabs
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-Water determined where people gathered and traveled
-journeys were planned from well-to-well -water determined where cities thrived -herders followed there camels for grazing land and water -lives revolved around the seasons -nomads traded camel meat and milk -villagers traded grain and manufactured goods |
Geography
peninsula empty 25C fertile ranges of mountains coastal hills red sea Arabian sea Syrian desert Mediterranean sea Tigris Euphrates rivers dotted with oases all regions except empty quarter receive rainfall |
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the growth of trade on the Arabian peninsula
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carrying all kinds of exotic goods traders crisscrossing arabia chose to stay in the trading centers as traders crossed the desert they stopped at the oases for supplies the Arabs who lived in these regions became strong wealthy leaders that such trading brought.
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religious significance of mecca
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Muslims believe that the founding and settling of mecca is related to the story of Abraham and Ishmael
Islam teaches that Abraham was told to build the Kaaba for a house of worship where Muslims take a pilgrimage to pray at the Kaaba |
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Muhammad's role in islam
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Mohammedans role in Islam was a prophet or messenger. his role was to relay the teachings of the quaran to people who could record it on paper he also relayed it oraly in additon to relaying he spread the word by first preaching to powerful wealthy family members who had the strength to sponsor the faith he also helped his followers migrate or hirja to medina because of the hostility of the mecann leaders who did not what islam to take over there religeon when at the kabah many lower gods that were not important and mohammad took them away
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the Qur,an and its significance to the Muslims
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Muhammads reveletions occured from 610 to 632 eventhough illiterate he had other people write them for him at the time of his death all of the revelations had been compiled muslims beleived the quar an was the word of allah its signinfecance the quran finishes the rest of the revelations like old and new testament proving that mohammad was the final prophet
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the five pillars of islam
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see flipbook
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expansion of the empire under the first four caliphs
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Abu bakars muhammads first successor or caliph extened rule to areas outside Arabia, north into syria and east into mesopotamia
umar abu bakars succsessor 2 caliph encouraged his armies to conquer more lands |
uthman umars succesor 3 caliph he his conquests included north africa and had completed the conquest of persia by 661
ali uthmans succsessor the 4Th caliph who only lead 5 years until murdered an angry former supporter |
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the issues that divided the Islamic religion
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the problem that had caused the civil war remained. who was muhamads rightful succsessor his decendents such as ali or elected caliphs like uthman
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the ummyad rise to power
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the rise of power came in 661 when muyawiya the leader of the ummyads had develepod a large army of followers who after the assisination of the fourth caliph had enough support to take hold of the empire again in 661 in medina
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Islams impact on all aspects of life
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the five pillars of islam play a large part of all aspects of life see book
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decline of Ummyad control
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money stopped coming in because non Muslims had to pay tax getting money but the more people who converted they did not have to pay 2 money was not flowing from usual conquests 3 Muslims were not following the deeds of Mohammad so people plotted to overthrow then at a diner party an ummyad general plotted to kill leaders a t banquet he killed all but one who travled to spain then the muslim state split into the ummyads in europe and the abbisids in asia and africa
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abbisid culture entered a period of high achievement from 800 1000 why was this reffered as the golden age
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Art and design
-calligraphy -geometric shapes Science mathamatic -canon of medicine -al jabr -people mapped the solar system -became skillfful at diagnosis and treatment -clean hospitals Bookmaking and liturature -papermaking -poetry -house of widom for geek liturture |
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what made Cordoba a thriving cultural center and intellectual center of Islam
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prosperous well run attracted sholars and artists largest city in wetern europe
paved and lighted streets public plumbing shops and houses filled the citys richly decorated palaces w gardens court yards and fountains paetry music muslims brought thousands of books to spain thousands of men and women attended the law school at cordoba shcolars from bagdad brought knowlege exchange of ideas the love of learning was cordobas greatest legacy to future to future civilizations |
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• How did the oases impact the people of the Arabian Peninsula?
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Water determined where people gathered and on what routes they traveled on. Also, towns and cities grew near water
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• Why was Mecca so important?
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It was located in a well protected valley and at the center of two major trade routes.
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• Why did Muhammad and his followers migrate to Medina?
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Medina offered Muslims safety and allowed them to spread the word of Islam.
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• What did Muhammad do when he returned to Mecca
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He removed the idols from the Ka’bah, forgave everyone who persecuted Muslims, and he turned the area around the Ka’bah into the first mosque.
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• What is the Sunna
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Sunna is quiding rules for Islam, Five Pillars are the most basic of these rules. It also covers diet, marriage, gambling, etc.
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• Why was Muhammad so successful in spreading his message?
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Muhammad was successful because of his strong character (charisma).
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• When Muhammad died, how did his followers react
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Many people believed that they couldn’t live without Muhammad, and Abu Bakr stressed to the people that they should worshiped Allah, not Muhammad.
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• How did Umar, the second caliph, choose his successo
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? Umar named a council to choose the next caliph.
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• What major conflict resulted in the decision of who would rule between Ali and Muawiya?
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The Muslims broke into two groups Shiites and Sunnis. Shiites accepted only Muhammad’s relatives to rule (20% of all Muslims today) . Sunnis believed that anyone could lead as long as they were strong characters who know the religion well (>80% of all Muslims today
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• Where did the capital move from Mecca?
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Muawiya moved the capital to Damascus.
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• How did Muawiya change the caliph elections
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He began the practice of appointing a son as the next caliph. He established a family dynasty that ruled for ninety years.
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• How did Muawiya change the caliph elections
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He began the practice of appointing a son as the next caliph. He established a family dynasty that ruled for ninety years.
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• What did the Muslims do to make retreat impossible across the Strait of Gibraltar?
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Determined to conquer the Iberian Peninsula, they burned their boats.
• What was the significance of the battle of tours (and when was it?) It happened in |
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• How were Christians and Jews treated under Umayyad rule
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They were tolerant of people who believed in a single God. They also had full religious freedom. And although they had to pay extra they could hold key positions in government
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• Explain the Muawiya bureaucracy•
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The provinces were ruled by emirs appointed by the caliph.
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How did Caliph Abd al Malik help to unify the empire
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He declared Arabic the official language, declared a common coinage system, and he built a new mosque in every land he conquered.
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• How did the Abbasids gain control
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One of the generals invited 80 Umayyad leaders to a dinner party and kills them all except for one guy who jumps out of a window and escapes.
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• What two groups was the Muslim state split up into after the fatal dinner party?
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The Umayyads in Europe and the Abbasids in Asia and Africa.
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• Why was the capital move from Damascus to Baghdad beneficial
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Baghdad was rich in tax revenue and in agricultural production. It was a city of great science and technology with a network of wells, underground canals, and water wheels.
• Why was the period of Abbasid culture between 800 and 1000 referred to as “The Golden Age”? There were great achievements in art and design, bookmaking and literature, medicine, and science and math. |
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• What were the groups called that left the Abbasids at the end of “The Golden Age”?
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Factions.
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• Where did Abd al Rahman move the new capital in Spain
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cordoba
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• What were Abd al Rahman’s major goals?
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His goals were to unify them under a central government and protect his borders from invaders.
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impact of ummyad rule on muslim culture and commerce
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beacasue the ummyads conquered many people from different cultures they were known for mixing cultures eventhough under the same religeon during the time of conquest muslim culture developed and that included customs and traditions of non-arabs. some non arabs evenheld key polititical positions
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strengths of Abbasid government
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Strong army to withstand there position in Mesopotamia there were spy networks that would relay info about disscent through out empire then bring it back to the palace
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decline and demise of abbisid empire
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during 800 to 1000 was a period of demise and decline. tax money to the arabian caliphs was very important because they had lost several important trade routes but people in the empire who were not muslim were to pay tax but because of the massive conversions to muslim most people were muslim and had to pay no tax lowering tax income also several factions or opposing groups left to leave to go to other lands or take control of distant parts of the empire in 1055 baghadad was conquered by nmadic turks from central asia they plundered the palaces and captured the goverment then it recieved its death blow in 1258 to mongol invaders
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succes of the ummyads in unifying spain.
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they created a unified central goverment, and protected the relm from muslim invaders to the south and christian forces to the north he also made cordoba a big cultural center where people came to read and learn under a central religeon and language unifieng
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scandinavianafrican german slaves
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demise of ummyad
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factions left to other parts of the empire or take control of distant parts of empire 1055 conqured by seljuk turks plundered castle then took deathlblow in 1258 by mongol invaders
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