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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Text |
Qu'ran and Hadith literature - Arabic language = significant |
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Content of Texts |
biographical details of Prophet Muhammad - teachings from Muhammad's divine revelation - Sharia'ah Law |
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Prophets |
Muslims ascribe to the concept of messengers and prophets - validate the authority of prophets from the Hebrew bible (Moses) and New Testament (Jesus) |
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Muhammad |
The "seal of the prophets" - emphasized action and good works as his theological model (commonality with Judaism) |
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Distinction between religion and faith |
Religion - Islam: religious, social, and legal institutions (as texts states) - Faith: inner conviction/sincerety that only God can judge |
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Iman |
Faith, trust, mercy, and justice - includes notion of complete submission to God |
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Key Mosque features |
- fountain for ritual washing - large place for kneeling/prostration during prayer - pulpit for the imam to give sermon at Friday prayer services - imageless niche in the wall closest to Mecca indication proper direction for prayer |
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Life of Muhammad |
- orphaned at young age - raised by uncle and worked for widow whom he eventually married - experience a series of divine revelations that were written down in the Qu'ran - political, social and religious leader - united various tribal groups in the Arabian Peninsula under Islam; created a theocracy - experienced the mir'aj or night journey after a series of military classes between Mecca and Medina - Muhammad brings Mecca and Medina together resulting in first islamic ummah (community) - has several wives |
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After Death of Muhammad |
created a split due to differing opinions on succession - Sunni Muslims believed that Muhammad had not designated a successor - but Shi'a (minority) argued that Muhammad had appoint his cousin and son-in-law Ali as successor |
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Spread of Islam |
spread through: - missionary activity (missionizing movement that sought out converts) - political conquest - migration Qu'ran seen as historical culmination of monotheism: incorporates parts of Jewish + Christian historiographies. Provided positive space for Christians and Jews, "people of the book" - protection from the king - exempt from military services late 7th C. - spread to North Africa and Spain N. Africa: Sufi leaders played integral role in independence movement after colonization |
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Modernity |
- reform movements: Wahhabi movement - cultural changes as a result of migration, cultural exchange and integration - Issues of Western influence, women, religious dress, family, etc. |
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Five Pillars |
Private and public components of faith and devotion 1) Shahadah: declaration of faith 2) Salat: prayer 3) Zakat: Almsgiving/Charity 4) Ramadan: annual fast 5) Hajj: annual pilgrimage to Mecca |
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Shari'ah Law |
The divine law given to Muhammad from God - how a person should interact with other people - how a person's relationship with God should be - Greater focus on individual responsibility to do what's right because there is no priesthood; -- no centralized authority to keep an eye on members or dictate what's right and wrong -Qu'ran emphasized kindness and respect for parents and care for the poor -- most imperatives in Shari'ah law deal with moral issues, and less with legalistic aspects of Islam - 5 categories of actions |
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5 categories of action in Shari'ah Law |
1) Lawful "Halal" (obligatory) 2) Commendable (recommended) 3) Neutral (permitted) 4) Reprehensible (disliked) 5) Unlawful (forbidden) |
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Role of Women |
Early Islam: - wives Khadijah and Aisha serve as examples of strong, independent leaders that influenced Muhammad in significant ways Medieval Period - Roles of authority were restricted to men - Mystical branch of Sufism provided an opportunity for women to be respected religious leader Revivalist Movements - conservative interpretations of Islam tend to relegate women to domestic duties - consider women's role to be a dutiful wife and caring mother Modern Period - recent feminist interpretations of Qu'ran and Hadith emphasize role of women throughout Islamic history - some argue thta women can and should hold positions of authority (ex. imam) - has not yet become normative practice - current issues regarding women's rights include access to education, the role of women in marriage, practice of veiling |
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Al-Kindi |
9th C. Baghdad philosopher used rational thought to argue - the existence of God - creation of the universe out of nothing - necessity of the prophets |
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Al-Razi |
9th C. Baghdad philosopher -rejected that god created the world out of nothing - instead: scientific explanation -- argued there existed primal matter, that God imposed order on this cosmic chaos |
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Al-Farabi |
10th C. religious figure argued - god was pure intellect - god is highest level of good - only philosophers can be prophets |
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Ibn Sina |
10th C. religious figure agreed with Al-Farabi on many point: - prophethood of Muhammad, revelation of the Qu'ran, immortality of the soul rejected bodily resurrection, reward of paradise, and punishment of hell |
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Al-Ghazali |
10th C. religious figures apologist for mainstream Sunni Islam, but had spiritual crisis and turned to mysticism wrote on subject of evil: god does not create evil, it's the consequence of free will |
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Sunni Muslims |
majority of Muslims - no appointed successor - diverse: includes "mainstream/moderate" branches and more conservative groups focused on revivalist movements |
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Shi'a Muslims |
- imam is more than a spiritual leader, it's an official title for a person whose leadership is divinely ordained -- must be the direct descendant of Muhammad's successor Ali 680 Ali's son Husayn (Muhammad's grandson) led an uprising against the Umayyid caliphate and was killed in battle at Karbala (Iraq) - celebrate the anniversary of his death - occasion of sorrow and hope for a messianic age Division in Shi'a Muslims: Seveners vs. Twelvers |
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Seveners |
Shi'a traditions Follows Husayn's line - claims that son that died is the rightful successor Esoteric group |
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Twelvers |
Shi'a traditions Take authority of al-Sadiq's son - lineage of imams that continue until 874 CE. -- 12th imam is 4 years old, goes missing (hiding) -- continues communication, then stops 941 CE. period of occultation - signals final period of time before Final Judgement - Mahdi: will return with Jesus and establish universal justice "true islam" throughout the world |
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Sufi Islam |
Mystical branch of Islam - early members wore wool garments to emulate Jesus (a model of ascetic piety) - focus on devotionalism Known for use of music and chanting: whirling dervish - use of dance rejected by certain groups - music's connotation with negative things (alcohol) Sunnis reject sufism notions of ... - Asceticism: gods blessing should be manifested in part through materiality - Sexual imagery to describe mystical union with divine - delief that divine could take human form (Jesus) -- accused of polytheism -- accused of lowering god to human status Women can be recognized as Sufi religious leaders. Criticized by other Muslims - participation of women - interpretation of the divine - incorporation of celibacy |
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Wahhabis |
1700s Revivalist movement - veneration of any structure, monument, or saint is idolatry -- called for destruction of Ka'ba stone (which didn't happen) -- destroyed Muhammad's tomb in Medina (place of pilgrimage) -- attacked sacred places to Shi'a: shrine at Karbala in memorial to Husayn Militant group Originally pushed for internal reform with Islam - this eventually became a push for external reform -- destroy enemies of this group -- including muslims and non-muslims |
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Secularism |
1900s Turkey (after WWI) - Ataturk (army officer) began national liberation movement to separate religion from government - abolished Ottoman Caliphate and established Republic of Turkey (1923) - huge implications on laity - banned Sufi -replaced Arabic alphabet with Latin -- made everyone use it - strongly encourage western style dress -- banned the Fez Instant revivalist movements and traditionalist movements calling for Islamic theocracies in response. -- this proved to be a model for the Iranian Revolution |
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State Islam |
Iran Shi'a Islam dominant form of Islam - ruled by secular laws from 1501-1979 - often tension between civic and religious authorities 1979 the Shah pushed to modernize Iran and encourage Western cultural practices - 1963 rememberance of Husayn and Battle of Karbala: protests led by those loyal to ulama (Khomeini). -- Shah's secret police responded aggressively - their revolutionary ideas circulated, popularized 1979 Khomeini returned from exile - lead revolution, installed himself as Ayotallah (supreme ruler of religious and civic state: theocratic state) - not everyone supported this movement -- many muslims tried to escape and immigrate |
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Islam in North America |
16th and 17th C. - Africans forced into slaves in N.A. -- about 20% Muslim 1930s an African American found Nation of Islam -- religion for black people only -- this view altered after participation in the hajj: saw diversity of Muslims Fastest growing religion in N.A. - faces issues of cultural assimilation, religious identity, and modernity N.A born Muslims tend to be more liberal (more open to diversity) than that of European Muslims |
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Contemporary Issues in Marriage |
Seen as contractual relation - father is supposed to act in best wishes of daughter - mutual consent is necessary in Qu'ran - divorce is permitted but not encouraged polygyny - marriage of a man to more than one woman - 2 rules to polygyny 1) may have up to 4 wives, no more 2) must be able to provide equal financial and emotional support to all wives - not common in america |
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Contemporary Issues in Adultery |
Qu'ran prohibits adultery - requirements from Qu'ran: -- 4 male witnesses -- reliable witnesses - 100 lashes Iran: stoning is a punishment - Hadith literature -- commentary on Qu'ran |
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Contemporary Issues on Honour |
Honour Killings - killing of a family member because she has "compromised" the family's honour -- not advocated in the Qu'ran at all -- honour is a cultural development -- could include adultery, premarital sex, rape (which is highly contested), dressing inappropriately |
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Women in Islam |
Veiling practices - France: laws banishing people from wearing religious expression in public sphere -- mostly aimed at Muslim women -- Justification: security threat, suppression/subjugation of women Qu'ran discusses modesty - no request to cover hair - mandated by both genders - does say that head coverings were worn by wives of Muhammad Diverse reasons why women wear head coverings - traditional - family expectation/pressure - integral to their religious identity - emulate wives of the prophet |
