Iron Age Final

Front 1

Gosden and Marshall 1999

Back 1

Defines and Argues for the biographical approach to objects in which scholars seeks to understand the
way objects become invested with meaning through the social interactions they are caught
up in.

Front 2

Sherratt 1990

Back 2

Argues that the Homeric epic and material culture can be read together and that the epic undergoes changes at times when rising elites seek to define their image and lifestyle.

Front 3

Morris 1986

Back 3

Argues that the comparative evidence makes it seem very probable-indeed, almost certain that the institutions and modes of thought in the poems were ultimately
derived from the world in which Homer and his audiences lived, and are not memories of vanished cultures of five hundred, four hundred, or even one
hundred years earlier.

Front 4

Isaakidou, Halstead, Davis, and Stocker 2002

Back 4

Argues that the burnt sacrifice of bare (defleshed) bones, described in Homer’s Odyssey and well documented from Archaic and Classical Greece, is now clearly attested liy burnt faunal remains from the ‘Palace of Nestor’ at Mycenaean Pylos.

Front 5

Sherratt 2004

Back 5

Comparison between Homeric feasting episodes and the archaeological record shows that Homeric feasting is a composite picture taking elements from different chronological periods. Still, Homeric feasting is primarily an Iron Age elite activity.

Front 6

Snodgrass 1974

Back 6

Argues that Homer depends on predecessors of many periods and admits elements from his own experience and imagination. Homeric society is not historical.

Front 7

Stocker and Davis 2004

Back 7

The bones found in Room 7 of the archives complex represent the remains of a single episode of burned animal sacrifice and large-scale feasting that occurred shortly before the palace was destroyed.

Front 8

Raaflaub 1997

Back 8

He argues that Homeric society is near-contemporary to the poet and that it is early polis society.

Front 9

Barrett 2004

Back 9

The combination of material culture and epic show a certain level of continuity between the palace period and the Iron Age.

Front 10

Whitley 2002

Back 10

The identity constructed by a grave does not necessarily reflect the identity of the person buried in the grave. Only in the Iron Age does the identity of hero come to be constructed by graves. The Bronze Age "warrior" was one of a range of male identities while the Iron Age warrior burial identified the buried as masculine and adult as opposed to the sexually undifferentiated young.

Front 11

Osborne 1996

Back 11

A good summary of the mobility of the 8th century. Argues that the move west of the Greeks was in part due to metals and the growth of a dense exchange network.

Front 12

Snodgrass 1994

Back 12

Argues that the early Western Greek colonists were doing something without precedence by transporting Aegean practices to alien coasts. He argues that before Pithekoussai, there is no evidence for Greek travel outside of the Aegean (since the 11th century).

Front 13

Sherratt and Sherratt 1993

Back 13

Traces the development of the international economy of the Mediterranean after the Bronze Age. They place a special importance on the Phoenicians for initially establishing long-range contacts.

Front 14

Morgan 1993

Back 14

Argues that the formalized framework of pan-Hellenic cult activity which emerged early in the sixth century may be seen as a political necessity, resulting from a pattern of aristocratic activity which began, or
escalated dramatically, during the eighth century, and which is visible in the material record of votives at sanctuaries outside polis borders. It is impossible that any Pan-Hellenic system existed before the 8th Century.

Front 15

Sourvinou-Inwood 1990

Back 15

Argues that the polis provided the fundamental, basic framework in which Greek religion, even Pan-Hellenic religion, operated.

Front 16

Polignac 1994

Back 16

Shows the transition of sanctuaries in the Geometric period as medial meeting places of festivals to the center of the civic cult of the city state by emphasizing the material evidence for competition among elites that beings to arise at the sanctuaries.

Front 17

Sourvinou-Inwood 1993

Back 17

As part of her overall argument that early Greek sanctuaries developed out of the sanctuaries of the Dark Ages through a continuous process of development and change without rupture, she argues that Morris and Polignac are wrong in assuming that there was spatial indeterminacy in Dark Age Greek sanctuaries. There was a clear space set out for Dark Age sanctuaries that centered around an alter.

Front 18

Ainian 2001

Back 18

The differences between the aristocracy and lower classes is evident in the Protogeometric and Geometric periods is evident in the differences between houses. There is a transformation from the humble curvilinear huts of the Protogeometric and Geometric period to the well-built and regular houses of the archaic period.

Front 19

Antonaccio 1994

Back 19

Ancestral and hero cult are not a single unified concept and offered different versions of the past. Homeric influence on hero cult has been overplayed. Tomb cult is probably used in the Iron Age by chiefs to legitimize their rule with links to the past.

Front 20

Coldstream 1976

Back 20

The rise of hero cult is linked to the spread of epic poetry.

Front 21

Snodgrass 1982

Back 21

The worship of Mycenaean tombs occurs because new populations moving to the areas at the end of the late 8th century feel the need to connect with the previous inhabitants of the lands.

Front 22

Whitley 1988

Back 22

Hero cult developed for different reasons is the Argolid and Attica. For the latter, they were established by communities in order to highlight their local identity separate from Attica. In the Argolid, the later deposits at Mycenaean tombs is in an effort for Argos to define its territory while they were in competition with the other city states in the region.

Front 23

Whitley 1994

Back 23

The marathon tumulus looks both back to Pre-democratic times and forward to full democracy. The emerging democracy did not yet have its own funerary imagery to express its values. Thus the tumulus grave, offering trench, and central cremation of the aristocratic Archaic period are used in this early democratic time.

Front 24

Whitley 1995

Back 24

Reviews Antoaccio's work and concludes that she is better at criticizing the theories of others than putting forth her own.

Front 25

Haggis 2011a

Back 25

The Azoria house was the center of a complex oikos, of which the dependents, storerooms, and work areas would have been located in another part of the settlement.

Front 26

Haggis 2013

Back 26

Reinforces Haggis 2011.

Front 27

Haggis 2011b

Back 27

Both the Communal Dining Building and the Monumental Civic Building show extensive evidence of communal feasting and the integration of cult.